And for bulk supplies like fuel, that comes just once or twice a year, when a tanker navigates through the brief summer window before the ice closes in again.

燃油等大宗物资一年只运一到两次，油轮只能在夏季短暂无驶入。

But volcanic activity in the mid-500s triggered a mini ice age that destabilized Scandinavia.

但公元 6 世中叶火山活动曾诱发了一场小，打破了斯堪纳维亚原本稳定。

They moved into the area during warm periods, called interglacial periods.

他们在温暖时进入该地区，称为间。

The records show cold years with long stretches of early ice, warm years with less.

记录显示，寒冷年份会有一个较长时间早，而温暖年份对较短。

But in the cave, a second, super-sized ice age monster was found.

不过在洞穴里，又发现了第二只超大怪兽。

But the " Little Ice Age, " which spanned from the 15th through early 19th century, froze ocean access to this region, making it even harder to reach.

但从 15 世到 19 世初“小”冻结了通往该地区海洋通道，使其更加难以到达。

They knew that the so-called " little ice age" , a series of cold snaps between, roughly, 1350 and 1850, had brought not only drought and famine, but also war – and so could these new climatic changes.

他们知道，所谓“小”，大约在1350年至1850年之间一系列寒流，不仅带来了干旱和饥荒，而且还带来了战争--这些新气候变化也会带来战争。

Stensgaard said that because climate change is making ice-free periods in the sea longer, teams are able to ship in heavy equipment and ship out metals out to the global market more easily.

他还表示，由于气候变化导致海洋无变长，采矿团队能够更容易向格陵兰岛运进重型设备，以及向全球市场运出金属矿产。

" Certainly we know a big contributor to the increased impacts isn't that there are more storms, but rather storms are coming when there's no sea ice."

“当然，我们知道造成影响增加巨大因素并不是风暴多了，而是风暴会在无海到来。”

" I would bet my whole life savings that in fact, these glaciers are smaller than they've been since the last interglacial period, " Gorin said.

“戈林说：" 我敢用我毕生积蓄打赌，事实上，这些川比上一个间以来川还要小。

Glacial periods over the past 6 million years promoted the selection of a set of genes responsible for the metabolism and neurohormonal regulation in cold conditions.

过去 600 万年促进了一组基因选择，这些基因负责在寒冷条件下新陈代谢和神经激素调节。

Until recently, information on the fate of the great ice-age mammals had been limited to what could be gleaned from fossilised bones.

直到最近，关于大时代哺乳动物命运信息都仅限于从骨骼化石中收集到那些。

About 3.8 billion years ago, Earth's surface had finally cooled to the point that water vapor turned to liquid; no salt added.

大约 38 亿年前，地球时水都凝固成了，并且不含盐。

To answer that, we have to go back to the mighty ice age glaciers that covered almost half the continent.

为了回答这一问题，我们需要回到河时代，看看覆盖了半片大陆大川。

Even less well understood are the cycles of comparative balminess within ice ages, known as interglacials.

对于一个川内被称为间一段气候对暖和时，我们对其周尤其缺乏了解。

And now we have Tierney's new results on the temperature difference between glacial and interglacial conditions.

现在我们还掌握了蒂尔尼关于和间之间温差研究新结果。

The other Great Lakes' ice seasons are shrinking as well, by an average of about half a day per year.

其他五大湖也在减少，平均每年减少约半天。

At the end of the Ice Age, the huge lion and the gigantic bear were pushed to desperate measures.

在末，巨大狮子和熊被逼得孤注一掷。

We're coming to the end of the Pleistocene, the end of the Ice Age.

我们来到更新世末，是尽头。

But in parts of Lake Superior, the ice season has been shrinking by an average of almost a day each year for the past few decades.

但是在苏必利尔湖部分地区，在过去几十年里，平均每年要减少近一天。