Finally, there's the monosaccharide, galactose, known as milk sugar.

最后还有一种单糖叫乳糖，常与乳糖相提。

These galactose-deficient IgA1s are not identified by the body, and therefore not degraded, allowing them to simply accumulate in the body.

这些无乳糖连接的IgA1分子无法被机体识别，继而被降解，造成在体内蓄积。

Now, lactose is a dye saccharide sugar, meaning it's composed of two simple sugar building blocks, glucose and galactose.

乳糖是一种染料糖，这意味着它由两个简单的糖块组成，葡萄糖和乳糖。

The reaction, called alpha-gal syndrome, happens when an infected person eats beef, pork, or other meat of mammals.

这种反应被称为α-乳糖综合征，当感染食用牛肉、猪肉或其他哺乳动物的肉时就会出现这种反应。

University of Virginia's researchers have also linked the alpha-gal allergies with a higher risk of heart disease.

弗吉尼亚大学的研究还将阿尔达乳糖过敏与心脏病升高联系起来。

These include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

单糖的种类有葡萄糖、果糖和乳糖。

An enzyme in that saliva tells your body that there's a variety of dangerous threats, and your immune system bans everything in that saliva from entering the body, including alpha-gal, which is also in every burger, steak, and bacon strip.

唾液中的某种酶让你的身体觉得自己正在遭受多种威胁，然后你的免疫系统就会在所有身体部位中阻止该唾液里有的东西进入，这其中包括了阿尔法乳糖，所有的汉堡，牛排，培根里都有的东西。

Just like that galactose has become just one more glucose molecule in the liver.

乳糖通过这种方式变成了可供肝脏利用的葡萄糖。

Among these are serine and threonine residues which are O-linked glycosylated, meaning they have a sugar molecule, specifically galactose, attached to their oxygen.

其中有丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基，是o链糖基的，这意味着它们的氧上有一个糖分子，乳糖居多。

Scientists saw such reactions in patients taking a cancer drug that was made in mouse cells containing the alpha-gal sugar.

科学家在服用一种抗癌药物的患身上看到了这种反应，这种药物是在含有α-乳糖的老鼠细胞中制造的。

Doctors identified alpha-gal syndrome as the cause soon after the incident.

医生在该事故发生后不久就确定了她患有α-乳糖综合征。

Lactose on the other hand has a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond, meaning that carbon 1 of galactose and carbon 4 of glucose are bonded, but this time the molecules are stacked with one higher than the other.

乳糖中的糖苷键为β-1，4糖苷键，即乳糖分子的1号碳与葡萄糖分子的4号碳以糖苷键相连，β代表了两个糖分子上下交叠，一高一低。

Ticks don't have alpha-gal naturally, but they could be carrying it if they fed off a mammal, like a deer or a dog.

蜱虫不是天生有阿尔法乳糖的，但在他们吸食鹿或狗这样的哺乳动物的血之后，可能就携带上了阿尔法乳糖。

In IgA nephropathy, though, there is abnormal glycosylation of these serine and threonine residues, causing them to be galactose-deficient.

而在IgA肾病中，有一系列丝氨酸、苏氨酸残基异常糖基，导致它们无法连接乳糖。

For example, in honey 50% of the sugar is fructose, 44% is glucose, 4% is galactose, 2% is maltose; whereas in maple syrup less than 1% of the sugar is fructose, 3% is glucose, and 96% is sucrose.

举个例子，蜂蜜中含有50%的果糖、44%的葡萄糖、4%的乳糖与2%的麦芽糖；而枫糖浆中，果糖的含量不到1%，葡萄糖仅占3%，其余的96%都是蔗糖。

When the sugar enters the body through the skin, the body's own defense, or immune, system reacts too strongly.

当α-乳糖通过皮肤进入人体时，人体自身的防御（即免疫）系统反应过于强烈。

Dogs have it, cats have it, and the mice cells involved in the production of Cetuximab have alpha-gal.

狗和猫都有阿尔法乳糖，研制西妥昔单抗使用的小白鼠，其细胞中也有阿尔法乳糖。

One of the studies released recently examined test results from the main U.S. private laboratory looking for alpha-gal antibodies.

最近公布的一项研究检查了美国主要私人实验室寻找α-乳糖抗体的测试结果。

There are oligosaccharides like galacto-oligosaccharides which are short chains of galactose molecules like those found in soybeans.

低聚乳糖就是一种寡糖，在大豆中含量较高，是由数个乳糖分子结合形成的短链分子。

A sugar called alpha-gal exists in mammal meat and in the saliva of ticks.

哺乳动物的肉和蜱虫的唾液中存在一种名为α-乳糖的糖。