Objective To study the effect of intracerebroventricular injection of norepinephrine (NE) and a receptor antagonist phentolamine on withdrawal syndrome in morphinistic rats.
However, the analgesic effects of acupuncture and morphine were not reversed by naloxone microinjected into the amygdala or the mesencephalic reticular formation. 2 .
The potent and rapid-acting opiates (fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil) can be used as the sole induction agents in cardiovascular surgery where hemodynamic stability is critical.