For example, if you heat table salt you'll always see the same two lines in the exact same part of the spectrum as certain electrons in sodium absorb energy and then return to their ground state, giving off light.

例如，如果你加热食盐，你总是在光谱的完全相同的部分看到同样的两条线，因为钠中的某些电子吸收能量，然后返回态，发出光。

Bombard an ordinary hydrogen atom with microwaves of the right frequency and you will lift it out of its ground state by flipping the spin of its electron.

以特定频率的微波轰击普通氢原子可以反转中电子的自旋，使跃迁态。

But as some of the excited electrons fall back to their ground states, they emit energy as light.

不过当一部分的激发电子回到它们的态的时候，它们释放出能量，即光。

I would guess a wave-function and then vary its parameters until I found the lowest energy solution.

我任意猜测一个态波函，通过更改找出能量最低的量子态。

How would you determine the ground state of a quantum system with no exact solution?

在没有精确解的情况下你如何确定量子系统的态？

That is plenty of time for them to relax into their ground state, the most energetically stable condition they can be in.

这一时间足以让反氢原子弛豫，回到态，即它们可能达到的能量最稳定状态。

Sometimes electrons in those atoms get into an excited state, and when they come back down again they give off light.

有时原子当中的电子被激发，而当它们回到态时，便发出了光。

This, in turn, makes them open to physicists' probings, because there are no confusing changes happening inside the atoms themselves.

物理学家因此可以检测反氢原子，因为处于态的反氢原子不在原子内部发生难以解释的变化。

We call it the ground state or the excited state.

我们称之为态或激发态。

This form of radiation is often released when electrons transition from an unstable excited state, to a more stable state that has a lower energy. That's called the ground state.

这种辐射通常是在电子从不稳定的激发态跃迁到能量更低的稳定状态时释放出来的，这个状态被称为态。

Quantum states, much like this wiggling direction of our wave, are described as a superposition of multiple base states, where you have many choices for what base states to use.

量子态就像我们波的这种摇摆方向一样，被描述为多个态的叠加，你可以选择使用哪些态。

In quantum mechanics, one of the most important properties of a many-body system is the difference in energy between its ground state and its first excited state.

在量子力学中，多体系统最重要的性质之一是态与第一激发态之间的能量差。

As the muon drops down to this different ground state, an x-ray is emitted—alerting Krauth's team that the transition has occurred.

当μ子降到这个不同的态时，发出X射线——这提示克劳斯团队跃迁已经发生。

And so it's kind of like energy levels, but they're just these tiny splittings of the ground state energy level.

这有点像能级，但它们只是态能级的一些微小分裂。

Now when all those electrons drop down to the ground state, that atom is going to release some gamma radiation.

现在当所有那些电子降到态时，这个原子将释放一些γ辐射。

Well I use a short hand where we could say, well it's base configuration is the same as neon.

好吧，我使用一种速记方式，可以说，它的态排布与氖相同。

There's another kind of transition it can do, even in the ground state.

即使在态，它也能进行另一种类型的转变。

There are a continuum of energy levels all the way down to the ground state.

从始至终，能量水平都是连续的，直到态。

It has a base configuration of neon.

它具有氖的态电子排布。

In cases way more general than this one photon polarization example, quantum mechanical states are described as some superposition of multiple base states, and the superposition depends on what basis you choose.

在比这个单一光子偏振例子更一般的情况下，量子力学状态被描述为多个态的某种叠加，而这种叠加取决于你选择什么样的。