How would you determine the ground state of a quantum system with no exact solution?

在没有精确解的情况下你如何确定量系统的基态？

I would guess a wave-function and then vary its parameters until I found the lowest energy solution.

我会任意猜测一个基态波函数，通过更改其参数找出能量最低的量态。

But as some of the excited electrons fall back to their ground states, they emit energy as light.

不过一部分的激发电它们的基态的时候，它们会释出能量，即光。

Sometimes electrons in those atoms get into an excited state, and when they come back down again they give off light.

有时原的电被激发，而它们基态时，便发出了光。

This, in turn, makes them open to physicists' probings, because there are no confusing changes happening inside the atoms themselves.

物理学家因此可以检测反氢原，因为处于基态的反氢原不会在原内部发生难以解释的变化。

That is plenty of time for them to relax into their ground state, the most energetically stable condition they can be in.

这一时间足以让反氢原弛豫，基态，即它们可能达的能量最稳定状态。

Now when all those electrons drop down to the ground state, that atom is going to release some gamma radiation.

现在，所有这些电下降基态时，该原将释一些伽马辐射。

As the muon drops down to this different ground state, an x-ray is emitted—alerting Krauth's team that the transition has occurred.

μ 下降这种不同的基态时，会发出 X 射线——提醒 Krauth 的团队过渡已经发生。

Bombard an ordinary hydrogen atom with microwaves of the right frequency and you will lift it out of its ground state by flipping the spin of its electron.

以特定频率的微波轰击普通氢原可以反转其电的自旋，使其跃迁离开基态。

So the muon starts in a semi-stable place—the food-messy desk—moves up to an unstable state—the clean desk—and then cascades down to a different stable ground state—the paper-messy desk.

因此，介从一个半稳定的地方开始——食物凌乱的桌——上升一个不稳定的状态——干净的桌——然后向下级联另一个稳定的基态- 乱七八糟的桌。

For example, if you heat table salt you'll always see the same two lines in the exact same part of the spectrum as certain electrons in sodium absorb energy and then return to their ground state, giving off light.

例如，如果你加热食盐，你总是会在光谱的完全相同的部分看同样的两条线，因为钠的某些电吸收能量，然后返基态，发出光。