In many industries a cosy duopoly retards innovation and harms consumers.

在许多产业中，密切双寡头垄断阻碍了创新，并损害了消费者。

A small number of companies that control an industry is called an oligopoly.

少数控制一个行业公司被称为寡头垄断。

Economists like to explain oligopolies and game theory by creating something called a payoff matrix.

经济学家们喜欢通过创造一种叫做收益矩阵东西来解释寡头垄断和博弈论。

The last type are oligopolies, and that's what we're gonna focus on today.

最后一类市场是寡头垄断，这是我们今天要关注。

For one thing, it remains an entrenched oligopoly.

首先，它仍然是一个根深蒂固寡头垄断。

We could either have this serve oligarchy of big companies that have been giant.

是做数据库服务寡头，这个寡头是公司。

Why are we talking about the fact that groceries are unaffordable thanks to oligopoly policies?

为什么我们要谈论由于寡头垄断政策而买不起食品这一事实？

But isn't the smartphone industry dominated by the duopoly of Apple and Google?

但智能手机行业不是被苹果和谷歌这两家寡头集团主导吗？

Maybe there's not enough competition, maybe it's a bit oligopolistic.

也许竞争不够，能有点寡头垄断。

Berezovsky had been one of the Russia's oligarchs.

别列佐夫斯基曾是俄罗斯寡头之一。

He eventually recovered and later called on the eu to impose sanctions on high-ranking Russian oligarchs.

他最终康复，并呼吁欧盟对俄罗斯高寡头实施制裁。

The mood in Britain began to turn against Russian oligarchs even before the invasion.

甚至在入侵之前，英国情绪就开始转向反对俄罗斯寡头。

And he explains that this system essentially drove power to six main people, whom he calls oligarchs.

他解释称，从本质上说，这个体系将权力赋予六个主要人物，他称这些人为寡头。

As wealth and inequality in the oligarchy grew, the uneducated have-nots would end up hugely outnumbering the haves.

随着寡头政治中财富和不平等加剧，未受教育穷人最终将超过富人数量。

That signals a long-awaited U-turn in the historically laissez-faire attitudes adopted towards oligarchs and their " Londongrad" playground.

这标志着历史上对寡头及其“伦敦格勒”游乐场所采取自由放任态度出现了期待已久巨转折。

Now, when few firms have a large majority of market share, it's called an oligopoly.

几家公司拥有绝多数市场份额情况被称为寡头垄断。

The sanctions on the oligarchs and the freezing of their overseas assets does appear to be a different category.

对寡头制裁和冻结他们海外资产似乎是另一种类型制裁。

Now, payoff scenarios for companies are never this transparent, but the matrix says a lot about oligopolies.

公司收益情况从来都不是透明，但是这个矩阵说明了寡头垄断很多问题。

Eventually, the oligarchs would be overthrown and the state would collapse into democracy — meaning endless referendums.

最终，寡头将被推翻，国家将崩溃为民主——这意味着无休止公投。

A new species of big beast had reared its head: vast state-controlled oligopolies from emerging markets.

来自新兴市场庞国有寡头垄断企业。