So that's where the knocker up, or the Knocker Upper came in.

于是“敲窗人”这个工种就应运而生了。

Many jobs and labor workers are made redundant by automation.

自动化导致许多工种和劳动力过剩。

The way I see it, through having different jobs, I've got a lot of experience, and different jobs and in different industries.

我看法是，通过不同工作，我已经有了很多经验，而且是在不同工种和不同行业。

Experts expect some older jobs will be lost.

专预计，一些比较旧工种可能会消失。

Perhaps the routine roles which remain are particularly difficult to automate.

也许剩下常规工种特别难实现自动化。

It's since grown to include many more positions, including servers, baristas, and even oyster shuckers.

那时起，它已经发展为包括服务员、咖啡师、甚至剥牡蛎工等更多工种。

This helplessness of the single craftsman is altogether peculiar to the human artist.

这种单工种协作是人类艺术独有特点。

Some commentators point to the record of Germany, which suffered a much smaller rise in unemployment than other rich countries during the recession in 2008-09 because of a scheme that subsidised short-term working.

一些评论员提到了德国例子，在2008-09年金融危机期，德国失业率上升幅度远低于其他富裕国，原因是该国政府补贴了短期工种。

Take China, for example: While it depends on the age and job, China, generally speaking, is a land of nappers.

就拿中国来说吧，午睡因年龄和工种而异，中国可以说是一个" 午睡国" 。

Particularly precarious with farmworkers is the type of labor they're involved in, if it's shift work vs. ongoing or formal employment.

农场工人有一个难确定要素是他们参与工种，问题在于他们做是倒班工作还是正式工作。

But the truth is, truck driving was genuinely a decent job.

但事实是，开卡车真是一份不错工种。

Straight out of high school, because sealed trays jobs are never gonna go away.

高中一毕业就投身工作，因为技术工种永远不会消失。

In a really, really recent example, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA, just put out new safety guidelines for workers in heat to mandate certain amounts of water, rest, and shade for different types of workers and different temperatures.

在最近一个实例中，职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）刚刚发布了针对高温环境下工人新安全指南，要求根据不同工种和温度条件， 为工人提供一定量水、休息时和遮荫设施。

Given that a large amount of factory work was unskilled, it didn't require particular knowledge, and it also didn't require strength, it could be done by children, who could be paid much less than adults.

由于大量工厂工作属于非技术性工种，不需要特定知识，也不需要体力，因此儿童也能胜任， 而且他们薪酬远低于成年人。

The civil servant's exam is not easy. It's about 170 questions long and it's also different for each job that you might be looking for.

首先考试就不容易，全卷有170道题，根据你申请工种不同题目也不同。

KEY POINT ONE There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs.

要点一大量证据显示，将员工和工种进行合理匹配能够激发动力。