The protein follistatin, has an antagonist effect to myostatin, diminishing myostatin's muscle limiting effect.

泡抑素蛋白与肌抑素存在拮抗作用，它能降低肌抑素对肌肉的限制。

Caffeine acts as an adenosine antagonist.

啡因作为腺苷的拮抗剂发挥作用。

Additional factors include alcohol consumption, smoking, drugs like glucocorticoids, which decrease calcium absorption from the gut through antagonism of vitamin D, and drugs like heparin and L-thyroxine.

其他影响因素包括酗酒、吸烟、激素等药物（其与维生素D的拮抗作用会减少肠内钙的吸收）以及肝素或L-甲状腺素等药物。