So a second measure to consider is its levels of risk-weighted assets (RWAs), in which the size of the balance-sheet is adjusted to reflect its riskiness.
Arrhenius found that you can even reverse engineer your study of a solution and by measuring it's electrical conductivity, figure out how concentrated it is.
Really the only option they had was to rely on something called dead reckoning, basically figuring out where you are by estimating your speed and compass heading to plot your journey.