As Robert Sapolsky explains — with monkeys if you go from " light goes on, push lever, get reward" to " light goes on, push lever, maybe get reward" — you get a much higher dopamine rise.

就如 Robert Sapolsky 解释，子实验中，如果你将信号从灯-作杆-得到奖励，变成，灯-杆-可能得到奖励，会看到更高多巴胺上升现象。