In Optimality Theory, grammar consists of a set of universal and violable constraints.
摘
选理论中的制约
件具有普遍性和

性。
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The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
第二次努力——由乔舒亚·格林伯格做出——采用更为经验主义的方法来研究语言的普遍性,确定了多种语言(尤其在语法词序方面)的共有特征,这些特征被认为是代表了由认知局限产生的倾向。
步(Lean In) Tattooed mummies from around the world attest to the universality of body modification across the millennia, and to the fact that you really were stuck with it forever if your civilization never got around to inventing laser removal.
世界各地发现的有纹身的木乃伊证明了数千年来纹身现象的普遍性,这也使人们认识到,如果你所处的文明尚未发明激光移除术,纹身会
直留在你身上。
But if he could give some general advice, he'd say, the US should increase its funding for basic research, so dedicated scientists like him are more likely to intentionally, or accidentally, stumble upon important discoveries.
但如果他能给出
些普遍性建议,他会说,美国应该增加对基础研究的资助,像他这样专注的科学家就更有可能有意或无意地偶然发现重要的知识。
Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.
乔姆斯基的语法显示出语言变化的模式,这些模式并不受语言谱系或贯穿谱系的路径的影响;而格林伯格式的普遍性则预言了特定的语法词序关系类型之间所存在的紧密互依性。