Made of calcite rods, the same stuff that forms limestone, they constituted the earliest visual systems known.

那种眼睛是由形成灰岩的同一种材料即方解石杆状体形成的，是已知的最早的视觉系统。

The rest of the eye has more rod cells.

眼睛的分有更多的杆状细胞。

And their bacula can be 45 to 60 cm long.

它们的杆状骨可长达 45 至 60 厘米。

Now, long bones, like the femur, are made up of two epiphyses, which are its ends, and the diaphysis, which is the shaft.

长骨，例如股骨，由块骨骺（即它的端）和中间的骨干（即杆状的分）组成。

That's 2 and a half times as thick as the baculum of a gray wolf, and it's 1.5 times as long.

那是灰狼杆状骨的 2.5 倍厚，是灰太狼杆状骨的 1.5 倍长。

Mycobacteria are an interesting bunch, they are slender, rod shaped, and need oxygen to survive, in other words, they're strict aerobes.

分枝杆菌是一组很有趣的病原菌，为细长的杆状菌，需要氧气来繁殖，换言之，它们是严格意义上的需氧菌。

Longer bacula can help a male compete, because they're associated with what's called prolonged intromission, or longer periods of copulation.

更长的杆状骨可以帮助雄性竞争，因为它们与所谓的长时间插入或更长的交配时间有关。

This combination of huge retinas, with a  high density of light-sensitive rod cells, and telephoto-like lenses, gives them great  acuity in near-pitch dark environments.

巨大的视网膜、高密度的感光杆状细胞和类似长焦的透镜的这种组合，使它们在近距离的黑暗环境中具有极强的敏锐度。

And about 400 bacula of Dire wolves have been preserved at La Brea – which has allowed us to study their size and shape for clues into their mating behavior.

拉布雷亚 (La Brea) 保存了大约 400 只恐狼的杆状骨——这使我们能够研究它们的大小和形状，以寻找它们交配行为的线索。

Whereas our normal, bright-light photopic vision is produced by three types of color-sensitive cone cells, dark scotopic vision is produced by the eye's rod cells, which are great at sensing something's brightness, but can't discriminate different colors.

我们正常的亮光视觉是由三种对颜色敏感的视锥细胞产生的，而暗视觉是由眼睛的杆状细胞产生的，它们非常擅长感知事的亮度，但不能区分不同的颜色。