Made of calcite rods, the same stuff that forms limestone, they constituted the earliest visual systems known.

那种眼睛是由形成灰岩同一种材料即方解石体形成，是已知最早视觉系统。

And if we look at the wavelength sensitivity of rods, you'll notice they actually don't even pick up red wavelengths.

如果我们观察细胞波长敏感性，你会发现们实际上甚至无法感知红色波长。

Mycobacteria are an interesting bunch, they are slender, rod shaped, and need oxygen to survive, in other words, they're strict aerobes.

结核分枝菌是一组很有趣病原菌，为细长菌，需要氧来繁殖，换，们是严格意义上需氧菌。

There are cornea, there's lens in there, there's even really primitive rod structures.

其中有角膜，有晶体，甚至还有非常原始结构。

Reptiles just have a simple rod for their hyoid, which gives them a wide but not-very-muscularized throat.

爬行动物舌骨只是一个简单结构，这使得们喉咙宽大但肌肉不发达。

Ron, there you mean you're referring to like the stem being the stick part of the flower, right?

罗恩，你意思是指茎，也就是花那个部分，对吧？就是花从那里长出来部分。

Now, long bones, like the femur, are made up of two epiphyses, which are its ends, and the diaphysis, which is the shaft.

长骨，例如股骨，由两块骨骺（即两端）和中间骨干（即部分）组成。

The bacterium that causes anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, is a tiny, rod-shaped organism that is visible only under a microscope.

引起炭疽细菌， 炭疽芽孢菌，是一种只有在显微镜下才能看到细小生物。

This combination of huge retinas, with a  high density of light-sensitive rod cells, and telephoto-like lenses, gives them great  acuity in near-pitch dark environments.

巨大视网膜、高密度感光细胞和类似长焦透镜这种组合，使们在近距离黑暗环境中具有极强敏锐度。

Whereas our normal, bright-light photopic vision is produced by three types of color-sensitive cone cells, dark scotopic vision is produced by the eye's rod cells, which are great at sensing something's brightness, but can't discriminate different colors.

我们正常亮光视觉是由三种对颜色敏感视锥细胞产生，而暗视觉是由眼睛细胞产生，们非常擅长感知事物亮度，但不能区分不同颜色。