Made of calcite rods, the same stuff that forms limestone, they constituted the earliest visual systems known.

那种眼睛是由形成灰岩的同一种材料即方解石杆状体形成的，是已知的最早的视觉系统。

And if we look at the wavelength sensitivity of rods, you'll notice they actually don't even pick up red wavelengths.

如果我们观察杆状细胞的波长敏感性，现它们实际上甚至无法感知红色波长。

Mycobacteria are an interesting bunch, they are slender, rod shaped, and need oxygen to survive, in other words, they're strict aerobes.

结核分枝杆菌是一组很有趣的病原菌，为细长的杆状菌，需要氧来繁殖，换言之，它们是严格意义上的需氧菌。

There are cornea, there's lens in there, there's even really primitive rod structures.

其中有角膜，有晶状体，甚至还有非常原始的杆状结构。

Reptiles just have a simple rod for their hyoid, which gives them a wide but not-very-muscularized throat.

爬行的舌骨只是一个简单的杆状结构，这使得它们的喉咙宽大但肌肉不达。

Ron, there you mean you're referring to like the stem being the stick part of the flower, right?

罗恩，的意思是指茎，也就是花的那个杆状部分，对吧？就是花从那里长出来的部分。

Now, long bones, like the femur, are made up of two epiphyses, which are its ends, and the diaphysis, which is the shaft.

长骨，例如股骨，由两块骨骺（即它的两端）和中间的骨干（即杆状的部分）组成。

The bacterium that causes anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, is a tiny, rod-shaped organism that is visible only under a microscope.

引起炭疽的细菌， 炭疽芽孢杆菌，是一种只有在显微镜下才能看到的细小杆状生。

This combination of huge retinas, with a  high density of light-sensitive rod cells, and telephoto-like lenses, gives them great  acuity in near-pitch dark environments.

巨大的视网膜、高密度的感光杆状细胞和类似长焦的透镜的这种组合，使它们在近距离的黑暗环境中具有极强的敏锐度。

Whereas our normal, bright-light photopic vision is produced by three types of color-sensitive cone cells, dark scotopic vision is produced by the eye's rod cells, which are great at sensing something's brightness, but can't discriminate different colors.

我们正常的亮光视觉是由三种对颜色敏感的视锥细胞产生的，而暗视觉是由眼睛的杆状细胞产生的，它们非常擅长感知事的亮度，但不能区分不同的颜色。