Made of calcite rods, the same stuff that forms limestone, they constituted the earliest visual systems known.

那种眼睛是由形成灰岩同一种材料即方解石杆状体形成，是已知最早视觉系统。

The rest of the eye has more rod cells.

眼睛其余部分有更多杆状细胞。

And their bacula can be 45 to 60 cm long.

们杆状骨可长达 45 至 60 厘米。

Now, long bones, like the femur, are made up of two epiphyses, which are its ends, and the diaphysis, which is the shaft.

长骨，例如股骨，由块骨骺（即）中间骨干（即杆状部分）组成。

That's 2 and a half times as thick as the baculum of a gray wolf, and it's 1.5 times as long.

那是灰狼杆状骨 2.5 倍厚，是灰太狼杆状骨 1.5 倍长。

Mycobacteria are an interesting bunch, they are slender, rod shaped, and need oxygen to survive, in other words, they're strict aerobes.

结核分枝杆菌是一组很有趣病原菌，为细长杆状菌，需要氧气来繁殖，换言之，们是严格意义上需氧菌。

Longer bacula can help a male compete, because they're associated with what's called prolonged intromission, or longer periods of copulation.

更长杆状骨可以帮助雄性竞争，因为们与所谓长时间插入或更长交配时间有关。

This combination of huge retinas, with a  high density of light-sensitive rod cells, and telephoto-like lenses, gives them great  acuity in near-pitch dark environments.

巨大视网膜、高密度感光杆状细胞类似长焦透镜这种组合，使们在近距离黑暗环境中具有极强敏锐度。

And about 400 bacula of Dire wolves have been preserved at La Brea – which has allowed us to study their size and shape for clues into their mating behavior.

拉布雷亚 (La Brea) 保存了大约 400 只恐狼杆状骨——这使我们能够研究们大小形状，以寻找们交配行为线索。

Whereas our normal, bright-light photopic vision is produced by three types of color-sensitive cone cells, dark scotopic vision is produced by the eye's rod cells, which are great at sensing something's brightness, but can't discriminate different colors.

我们正常亮光视觉是由三种对颜色敏感视锥细胞产生，而暗视觉是由眼睛杆状细胞产生，们非常擅长感知事物亮度，但不能区分不同颜色。