In Germany, Wolfgang Koerler's work on problem-solving and decision-making drew on Gestalt psychology, a German school of thought that concentrated on perception and perceptual organization, and was also a precursor of cognitive psychology.

在德国， 沃尔夫冈·科勒尔关于问题解决与决策的研究借鉴了格式塔学，这德国思想流派专注于感知和感知组织，同时也是认知学的先。

1912 Max Wertheimer publishes Experimental Studies of the Perception of Movement, a landmark in Gestalt psychology.

1912年，马克斯·韦特海默发表了《运动知觉的实验研究》，这著作成为格式塔学的重要里程碑。

There was also a reappraisal of Gestalt psychology.

格式塔学也得了重新评价。

Key Works 1917 The Mentality of Apes 1929 Gestalt Psychology 1938 The Place of Values in a World of Facts

主要作品：1917年《猿猴智》；1929年《格式塔学》；1938年《事实世界的价值地位》。

In Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men, Tolman outlined his theory of latent learning and cognitive maps, bringing together the methodology of behaviorism with gestalt psychology and introducing the element of cognition.

在《动物和人类的目的性行为》，托尔曼阐述了他的潜在学习和认知地图论，将行为主义的方法与格式塔学相结合， 并引入了认知的元素。

Gestalt built on existing theories of perceptual organization.

格式塔学建立在已有的知觉组织论之上。

Originally attracted by Lewin's work in Gestalt psychology, he later took an interest in social psychology.

最初被勒温在格式塔学领域的工作所吸引，他后来对社会学产生了兴趣。

These formed the basis of Gestalt psychology.

这些构成了格式塔学的基础。

While studying, he traveled to Germany and was introduced to Gestalt psychology.

求学期间，他游历德国，并接触了格式塔学。

Gestalt psychology, not to be confused with gestalt therapy, a much later development, took as its starting point the idea that concepts such as perception, learning, and cognition should be considered as wholes, not studied by investigating their various parts.

格式塔学，需与后来的发展——格式塔疗法区分开来，它以这样个观点为出发点：诸如感知、学习和认知等概念应被视为整体来考虑，而非通过研究其各个部分来进行探究。

Wolfgang Koerler, among other Gestalt psychologists, argues that people must be understood holistically, according to all of their elements and their interactions with the surrounding environment.

沃尔夫冈·科勒尔等格式塔学家认为，必须从整体上解人，依据其所有要素及其与周围环境的相互作用来全面把握。

1935, Psychology of Productive Thinking by Karl Duncker, a German Gestalt psychologist, describes experiments in problem-solving and mental restructuring.

1935年，德国格式塔学家卡尔·邓克尔所著的《创造性思维学》描述了关于问题解决和重构的实验。

This marked the beginning of cognitive psychology, a movement with its roots in the holistic approach of the Gestalt psychologists, who were interested in studying perception.

这标志着认知学的开端，这运动植根于格式塔学家整体论的方法，他们对研究感知产生了兴趣。

A key figure at this time was Edward Tolman, a behaviorist whose theories had not dismissed the importance of perception and cognition due to his interest in German-based Gestalt psychology.

当时的关键人物是爱德华·托尔曼，他是位行为主义者， 其论并未忽视感知和认知的重要性， 这归因于他对基于德国的格式塔学的兴趣。

Like cognitive psychology, it owed much to the Gestalt psychologists, especially Kurt Lewin, who had fled from Nazi Germany to the USA in the 1930s.

如同认知学样， 它深受格式塔学家，特别是库尔特·勒温的影响， 勒温在20世纪30年代逃离纳粹德国， 定居美国。

After 1920s Edward Tolman brings together ideas from Gestalt and behaviorist psychology in his purposive behaviorism, now cognitive behaviorism.

20世纪20年代后，爱德华·托尔曼在其目的行为主义融合了格式塔学与行为主义学的思想，这论现被称为认知行为主义。