Gestalt built on existing theories of perceptual organization.

格式塔建立在已有的觉组织论之上。

1912 Max Wertheimer publishes Experimental Studies of the Perception of Movement, a landmark in Gestalt psychology.

1912年，马克斯·韦特海默发表了《运动觉的实验研究》，这一著作成为格式塔的重要里程碑。

After 1920s Edward Tolman brings together ideas from Gestalt and behaviorist psychology in his purposive behaviorism, now cognitive behaviorism.

20世纪20年代后，爱德华·托尔曼在其目的行为主义中融合了格式塔与行为主义的思想，这一论现被称为认行为主义。

1935, Psychology of Productive Thinking by Karl Duncker, a German Gestalt psychologist, describes experiments in problem-solving and mental restructuring.

1935年，德国格式塔家卡尔·邓克尔所著的《创造性思维》描述了关于问题解决和重构的实验。

These formed the basis of Gestalt psychology.

这些构成了格式塔的基础。

There was also a reappraisal of Gestalt psychology.

格式塔也得到了重新评价。

Originally attracted by Lewin's work in Gestalt psychology, he later took an interest in social psychology.

被勒温在格式塔领域的工作所吸引，他后来对社会产生了兴趣。

Key Works 1917 The Mentality of Apes 1929 Gestalt Psychology 1938 The Place of Values in a World of Facts

主要作品：1917年《猿猴智》；1929年《格式塔》；1938年《事实世界中的价值地位》。

While studying, he traveled to Germany and was introduced to Gestalt psychology.

求期间，他游历德国，并接触到了格式塔。

Like cognitive psychology, it owed much to the Gestalt psychologists, especially Kurt Lewin, who had fled from Nazi Germany to the USA in the 1930s.

如同认一样， 它深受格式塔家，特别是库尔特·勒温的影响， 勒温在20世纪30年代逃离纳粹德国， 定居美国。

This marked the beginning of cognitive psychology, a movement with its roots in the holistic approach of the Gestalt psychologists, who were interested in studying perception.

这标志着认的开端，这一运动植根于格式塔家整体论的方法，他们对研究感产生了兴趣。

Wolfgang Koerler, among other Gestalt psychologists, argues that people must be understood holistically, according to all of their elements and their interactions with the surrounding environment.

沃尔夫冈·勒尔等格式塔家认为，必须从整体上解人，依据其所有要素及其与周围环境的相互作用来全面把握。

In Germany, Wolfgang Koerler's work on problem-solving and decision-making drew on Gestalt psychology, a German school of thought that concentrated on perception and perceptual organization, and was also a precursor of cognitive psychology.

在德国， 沃尔夫冈·勒尔关于问题解决与决策的研究借鉴了格式塔，这一德国思想流派专注于感和感组织，同时也是认的先驱。

A key figure at this time was Edward Tolman, a behaviorist whose theories had not dismissed the importance of perception and cognition due to his interest in German-based Gestalt psychology.

当时的关键人物是爱德华·托尔曼，他是一位行为主义者， 其论并未忽视感和认的重要性， 这归因于他对基于德国的格式塔的兴趣。

In Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men, Tolman outlined his theory of latent learning and cognitive maps, bringing together the methodology of behaviorism with gestalt psychology and introducing the element of cognition.

在《动物和人类的目的性行为》一书中，托尔曼阐述了他的潜在习和认地图论，将行为主义的方法与格式塔相结合， 并引入了认的元素。

Gestalt psychology, not to be confused with gestalt therapy, a much later development, took as its starting point the idea that concepts such as perception, learning, and cognition should be considered as wholes, not studied by investigating their various parts.

格式塔，需与后来的发展——格式塔疗法区分开来，它以这样一个观点为出发点：诸如感、习和认等概念应被视为整体来考虑，而非通过研究其各个部分来进行探究。