One ancient theory was an idea called vitalism, which claimed that living things were unique because they were filled with a special substance, or energy, that was the essence of life.

有一个被称为“活力论”的古老的理论认为生物体是独特的，因为生物充满特别的物质或能量，这种物质就是生物的本质。

Chemical discoveries intersected  with philosophical debates on vitalism versus materialism.

化学发现关于活力论唯物论的哲学辩论交织在一起。

So I think the vitalist idea is really that it's kind of a dualistic interpretation.

因此，我认为活力论的观点实际上是一种二元论的解释。

This is related to a old and very much debunked idea within science called vitalism, which for a while, because again, we did, we watched things happen and then came up with rules based on experiments after.

这科学中一个古老且已被彻底否定的观念有关， 称为活力论。一段，因为我们观察到了一些现象， 然后根据实验得出了规则。

And then the vitalism that he's talking about is a bit unclear as well, but yeah, he's sympathetic to monism in some ways, but just not in the way it's used by Schopenhauer to explain things.

而且， 他所说的活力论也有些模糊不清，但他确实以某种方式同情一元论，只是不认同叔本华用它来解释事物的方式。

If vitalism, you mean that everything reduces to one single demi-urge.

如果说的是活力论，你的意思是万物归结于一个单一的造物主。

I think what he says and something to the effect, he doesn't like the idea of an underlying metaphysical unity, but he's more sympathetic to a vitalistic unity.

我认为他说的意思是，他不喜欢那种潜在的形而上学统一性的想法，但他更同情一种活力论的统一性。

He's also definitely against vitalism, right?

他确实也反对活力论，对吧？