This concentration gradient is extremely important for setting the resting membrane potential of excitable cell membranes, which is needed for normal contraction of smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle.

学梯度在可兴奋细胞膜静息位的形成十分重要，而平滑肌，心肌还有骨骼肌的收缩都需要可兴奋细胞膜的参与。

To get a sense of how these breakthroughs have impacted the chemistry community, we spoke with Clare Grey, an electrochemist and powerhouse in battery research.

为了让大家了解这一技术突破如何影响学界的，我们采访了池研究领域的学专家和克莱尔·格雷。

In that marathon racer is a different electrochemical challenge.

在那场马拉松比，步者是另一种学挑战。

Pretty much everything in your experience — from euphoria to hunger to desire to fuzziness to to confusion to boredom — is communicated by way of these signals sent by your body's own electrochemical messaging system.

你经历的几乎所有事情——从狂喜到饥饿，从渴望到模糊，从困惑到无聊——都是通过你身体自己的学信息系统发出的这信号来交的。

All it ever sees are electrochemical signals that come in along different data cables, and this is all it has to work with, and nothing more.

它看到的一切都是学信号，这信号来自不同的数据连线，这就是大脑要处理的全部东西， 除此之外并无其他。

That means that electrochemical reactors will need to transform raw materials into products very efficiently, with minimal waste and very selectively.

也就是说，那学反应堆将原材料变为合物的时候，需要有选择性、高效 且把浪费控制在最低水平。

Tests have shown that the new e-skin has an excellent performance in terms of its flexibility, transparency, electrochemistry and high sensitivity.

测试表明，新型子皮肤在柔韧性、透明度、学和高灵敏度方面表现出色。

Michael Faraday, better known for his work on magnetism and electrochemistry, first suggested this idea in the 1850s.

迈克尔·法拉第，以他在磁性和学方面的工作而闻名，在 19 世纪 50 年代首次提出了这个想法。

They're electrochemical signals flowing from your brain to your body as a reaction to your day-to-day experiences.

它们是从大脑向身体的学信号，是对日常经历的反应。

But remember, all vision ever is is electrochemical signals coursing around in your brain.

但是记住，所有看见的东西都是过大脑的学信号。

Well, we read on here together that additionally, Faraday helped to found the science of electrochemistry.

此外， 我们在此共同了解到，法拉第还协助创立了学这门科学。

Keep in mind that potassium ions carry a charge, so the difference in concentration also leads to a difference in charge - establishing an overall electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane.

钾离子携带一个荷，因此浓度的差异也导致了荷的差异，建立了全面跨细胞膜的学梯度。

Your brain alone contains billions of them — they're what generate and conduct the electrochemical nerve impulses that let you think, and dream, and eat nachos, or do anything.

仅你的大脑就包含数十亿个神经元——它们产生并传导学神经脉冲，得以让你思考、做梦、吃玉米片或做任何事情。

This will then in turn incentivize chemical manufacturers to switch to electrochemical production processes instead of deploying new fossil fuel chemical plants.

这个会带动工厂来转换成学的生产过程，而不是去置办新的石燃料工厂。

Keep in mind that these potassium ions carry a charge, so the difference in concentration also leads to a difference in charge, which establishes an overall electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane.

别忘了钾离子还带有一个荷，所以不同浓度的钾离子会有不同的荷量，这会建立全面跨细胞膜的学梯度。

Through our research, we managed to identify electrochemical reaction mixtures with the right additives and voltages to be able to transform raw materials into nylon precursors very selectively.

经过研究，我们成功找到了正确的添加物和压来让学反应堆将原材料有选择性地 转为尼龙的前身。

Your nervous system uses lightning-fast electrochemical action potentials, delivered by an expressway made of neurons to specific cells and organs.

你的神经系统使用闪般的学动作位，通过由神经元组成的高速公路传送到特定的细胞和器官。

Through electrochemistry, we have managed to electrify already the most energy intensive steps on the production process of these chemicals: a set of processes that alone account for a very substantial amount of energy in the chemical manufacturing industry.

通过学，我们已经实现将学品生产工艺最耗能的步骤实现力供能了：是在学生产行业里，单独使用 就相当耗能的工艺。同时，我们也在开发 用食物残渣代替石油。

And you learned how cocaine is a sterling example of how artificial imbalances in this electrochemical system can lead to dysfunctions of all kinds.

你知道了可卡因是一个说明学系统的人为失衡如何导致各种功能障碍的生动案例。

And what kinds of electrochemical computers can achieve these fundamental limits?

什么样的学计算机能够达到这基本极限？