Proto-oncogenes, which signal a cell to grow and divide.

原，向细胞发出生长和分裂的信号。

Now, there are genes that promote normal cell growth called proto-oncogenes.

这时，有一些促进正常细胞生长的被称作原。

With mutations, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, and these overstimulate the cell growth.

随着突变，原变为，这些过度刺激细胞生长。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致加速细胞生长增殖，而抑使细胞生长增殖变。

Fusobacteria is another genus of bacteria in the mouth that produces excessive immune responses and activates oncogenes.

梭杆菌属是口腔中另一种会引发过度免疫应答、激活的细菌。

You can think of proto-oncogenes as the accelerator or gas pedal and tumor suppressor genes as the brakes.

你原看作是加速器或是油门，抑看作是刹车。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

此，或突变的抑使细胞不受控制地增长，导致肿瘤发生。

Squamous cell cancers arise from squamous cells that undergo genetic mutations that either activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

鳞状细胞产生于经历了突变的鳞状细胞，突变能激活原、或使抑失活。

When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原（如表皮生长子受体、RAS）被激活时，它们就变成了促进细胞分裂的。

The second crucial mutation can happen in your  oncogenes.

第二个关键突变能发生在你的原中。

When oncogenes are turned on the cell is told to multiply rapidly.

当原被激活时，细胞就会被指令快速增殖。

When your oncogenes get corrupted,   they basically turn on again.

当你的原发生变异时，它们本上就会重新激活。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

这种类型的被称为抗或肿瘤抑制。

So if for example, your oncogenes switch back  on, they make oncogene proteins.

所如果例如，你的原重新激活，它们就会产生原蛋白。

To balance out cell growth, there are other genes called tumor suppressor genes which promote apoptosis or cell death of mutated cells.

为平衡细胞生长，还有其它，称作抑，促进突变细胞的凋亡或细胞死亡。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性表达或肿瘤抑制丢失时，发生异常细胞分裂。

Checking for the presence of mutations in a gene can confirm a diagnosis that is based on other clinical presentations.

在症的病例中，了解哪个发生了突变及什么样的方式发生突变，能够确定最佳治疗方案及为开发新的治疗方法提供信息。

Or they can occur in proto-oncogenes, which normally code for proteins that promote the cell cycle - so they're the cell cycle's accelerator pedal.

突变也发生在原；原的功能是编码促进细胞周期运转的蛋白质，所它算是细胞周期的“油门”。

Unlike other targetable oncogene drivers in NSCLC, KRAs G12C is most common in smokers Until recently, KRAS was an undruggable target.

与 NSCLC 中的其他靶向驱动素不同，KRA G12C 在吸烟者中最常见。直到最近，KRAS 仍是一个不药物治疗的靶点。

And this is due to mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes, genes that usually suppress tumor growth, therefore a mutation leads to myocyte overgrowth.

由于TSC1和TSC2抑的突变，这些通常抑制肿瘤生长，此此类突变导致肌细胞过度生长。