With mutations, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, and these overstimulate the cell growth.

随着突变，原癌基因变为癌基因，这些癌基因过度刺激细胞生长。

You can think of proto-oncogenes as the accelerator or gas pedal and tumor suppressor genes as the brakes.

你可以把原癌基因看作加速器或，把抑癌基因看作刹车。

Proto-oncogenes, which signal a cell to grow and divide.

原癌基因，向细胞发出生长和分裂的信号。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

因此，癌基因或突变的抑癌基因使细胞不受控制地增长，导致瘤发生。

Now, there are genes that promote normal cell growth called proto-oncogenes.

这时，有一些促进正常细胞生长的基因被称作原癌基因。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致癌基因加速细胞生长增殖，而抑癌基因使细胞生长增殖变慢。

Fusobacteria is another genus of bacteria in the mouth that produces excessive immune responses and activates oncogenes.

梭口腔中另一种会引发过度免疫应答、激活癌基因的细。

Squamous cell cancers arise from squamous cells that undergo genetic mutations that either activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

鳞状细胞癌产生于经历了基因突变的鳞状细胞，基因突变可能激活原癌基因、或使抑癌基因失活。

When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原癌基因（如表皮生长因子受体基因、RAS基因）被激活时，它们就变成了促进细胞分裂的癌基因。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

这种类型的基因被称为抗癌基因或瘤抑制基因。

To balance out cell growth, there are other genes called tumor suppressor genes which promote apoptosis or cell death of mutated cells.

为平衡细胞生长，还有其它基因，称作抑癌基因，促进突变细胞的凋亡或细胞死亡。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性癌基因表达或瘤抑制基因丢失时，可发生异常细胞分裂。

It usually involves several genetic mutations in endometrial cells, including of PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene; PIK3CA, an oncogene; and ARID1A, a gene regulating chromatin structure.

它通常涉及子宫内膜细胞的几种基因突变，包括抑癌基因PTEN、原癌基因PIK3CA，及调控染色质结构的基因ARID1A。

Or they can occur in proto-oncogenes, which normally code for proteins that promote the cell cycle - so they're the cell cycle's accelerator pedal.

基因突变也可以发生在原癌基因；原癌基因的功能编码促进细胞周期运转的蛋白质，所以它算细胞周期的“”。

Checking for the presence of mutations in a gene can confirm a diagnosis that is based on other clinical presentations.

在癌症的病例中，了解哪个癌基因发生了突变以及以什么样的方式发生突变，能够确定最佳治疗方案以及为开发新的治疗方法提供信息。

And this is due to mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes, genes that usually suppress tumor growth, therefore a mutation leads to myocyte overgrowth.

由于TSC1和TSC2抑癌基因的突变，这些基因通常抑制瘤生长，因此此类基因突变可导致肌细胞过度生长。

The result is that the cell receives a constant message to divide. This dominant " gain of function gene" is often called an oncogene.

结果细胞接收一个恒定的消息进行不断分裂。这种显性的" 获得功能基因" 通常被称为癌基因。

The genetic mutations found most often in serous carcinoma involve the TP53 gene, another tumor suppressor, and aneuploidy, or an abnormal number of chromosomes after cell division.

浆液性癌最常见的基因突变包括TP53基因，也一个抑癌基因，以及非整倍体，即细胞分裂后染色体数目异常。

They form when there is a mutation in the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli gene or APC gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell growth.

当结肠腺瘤样息肉病（APC）基因突变时，结肠腺瘤往往会形成；APC基因一种调控细胞增殖的抑癌基因。

Mutations can occur in tumor suppressor genes, which normally code for proteins that stop the cell cycle or promote apoptosis - so they're the cell cycle's very own brake pedal.

基因突变可能会发生在抑癌基因；抑癌基因的功能编码、阻断细胞周期，或促进凋亡的蛋白质，所以它算细胞周期的“刹车片”。