Participants were given one of four pamphlets that either outlined the risks of tetanus in a very frightful way, like outlining the consequences of not getting the shot, to instill fear in the reader, or in a less frightful way.

参与者得到了四份小册子中的份，这些小册子要么以种非常怕的方式概述破伤风的风险，比如概述不注射疫苗的后果，要么以种不那么怕的方式让读者感到恐惧。

But some tenacious pathogens, including the ones that cause botulism and tetanus, make it through this caustic cauldron and thrive in the intestines beyond.

但是些顽固的病原体，些导致肉毒中毒和破伤风的病原体比较好地避开腐蚀性环境，在肠道之外存活繁衍。

Clostridium tetani is notorious for one of its toxins called tetanospasmin, which can severely disrupt the neuromuscular system of mammals.

破伤风梭菌因其产生的破伤风痉挛毒素而名昭着，该毒素严重影响哺乳动物的神经肌肉系统。

In fact any kind of puncture wound or cut brings along the risk of tetanus.

事实上，任何种刺伤或切割伤都伴有感染破伤风的风险。

Some people may associate rusty objects with tetanus, an infection caused by the Clostridium tetani bacterium.

有些将生锈的物体与破伤风联系在起，这是种由破伤风梭菌引起的感染。

But now we know the best time to tackle Clostridium tetani is before an infection even takes place.

但现在我们知道，应对破伤风梭菌的最佳时机就是在感染之前。

Tragically, his older sister Francesca died at 12 years old from a tetanus infection that had gone untreated.

不幸的是，他的姐姐弗朗西丝卡在 12 岁时死于未经治疗的破伤风感染。

Instead, the offending bacterium, known as Clostridium tetani, infects the body through cuts and abrasions.

相反，被称为破伤风梭菌的病菌会通过割伤和擦伤感染体。

This process releases several toxins, including deadly tetanus toxin.

这过程会释放出多种毒素，其中便致命的破伤风毒素。

Tetanus vaccines in childhood and adolescents are given in the form of a triple vaccine, that covers diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis in a single jab.

儿童和青少年的破伤风疫苗通常以百白破三联形式给予，即针覆盖白喉、破伤风、百日咳。

Then, they inject antitoxin to neutralize any tetanus toxin still in the body that has yet to enter the central nervous system.

然后，注射抗毒素，中和体内尚未进入中枢神经系统的破伤风毒素。

Rarer forms of the disease include the local tetanus, where a persistent spasm will be only localized around the area of the injury.

破伤风的少见临床类型局部型破伤风，即持续性痉挛仅局限于受伤区域附近。

These infection sites are why tetanus is so strongly associated with rusty nails and scrap metal, which can cause such wounds, but the condition's connection to rust is actually much less direct.

将破伤风与生锈的钉子和废弃金属紧密联系在起的原因便是这些受到感染的部位，因为二者带来此类创伤，但感染破伤风与生锈之间的联系并不那么直接。

In the most common form of tetanus— called generalized tetanus— the spasms begin in the face muscles, most notably the lower jaw.

最常见的破伤风临床类型叫作全身型破伤风，痉挛从面肌开始，以下颌显着。

Today, we know this account to be one of the first recorded cases of tetanus, and thankfully, modern physicians are much more prepared to handle this peculiar infection.

今天，我们知道这段记载是最早记录的破伤风病例之，值得庆幸的是，现代医生已经做好了更充分的准备来应对这种特殊的感染。

Without treatment, tetanus has an extremely low rate of survival.

未经治疗的破伤风存活概率极低。

There's also neonatal tetanus, which happens to newborns of mothers that have not been immunized against tetanus themselves.

还有新生儿破伤风，见于没有接种过破伤风疫苗的母亲诞下的新生儿。

So for example, we have a tetanus vaccine or a tetanus shot all right.

所以比如说，我们有破伤风疫苗或者打针破伤风，好的。

So, get your tetanus up to date.

所以，确保你的破伤风疫苗是最新的。

In 1890, Emil von Behring, aided by Japanese researcher Shibasaburo Kitasato, reported that serum, blood fluid, from animals infected with tetanus or diphtheria, contains chemicals or antitoxins that work against toxins released by bacteria.

1890年， 埃米尔·冯·贝林在日本研究员北里柴三郎的协助下报告称，感染了破伤风或白喉的动物血液中，含有够对抗细菌释放毒素的化学物质或抗毒素。