With particular reference to neural cell types.

尤其是神胞类型。

Just under a year ago, he appeared at a public lecture in a wheelchair to announce that he was suffering from a variant of motor-neurone disease, in which the body succumbs to inexorable paralysis: like being imprisoned in a shrinking cell, he said.

就在一年前，他出现在公共演讲庭，坐在轮椅上告诉别人，自己现如今正被同种类的动态神胞病变所折磨，这是一种将身体蹂躏成麻痹状态的病：感觉像困兽般被囚禁在一个断缩小的牢笼中，他坦言到。

To weigh any more than that, it has to give up neurons.

为了比这更重，它必须放弃一些神胞。

These MRI scans can measure the thickness of the grey matter in the brain–that's the outer layer of the brain which varies in thickness, and is full of neurons–nerve cells, which are very sensitive.

这些核磁共振扫描可以测量大脑灰质的厚度——灰质是大脑的外层，它的厚度变化，满了神元——神胞，它们非常敏感。

He reprogrammed the cells collected into iPS cells, then nudged them to become nerve cells.

先将收集的体胞诱导成iPS, 再用这些iPS胞转化神胞。

Caffeine is a pro at mimicking a neurotransmitter called adenosine.

咖啡因是一种能够像“腺苷”神递质一样在神胞间传递信息。

The way the tissue, nerve cells, and so on are arranged to make the brain.

组织、神胞等的排列方式，构成了大脑。

Grey matter is made up of the cell bodies of nerve cells.

灰质是由神胞的胞体组成的。

Dendrites serve as input device for neuron because it receives input from other nerve cells.

树突是神元的输入装置，因为它接受来自其他神胞的输入。

In the house mouse, a specific type of nerve-cell signaling-channel got activated by the venom.

在家鼠体内, 一种特类型的神胞信号通道被毒液激活。

This tissue contains millions of chemoreceptors, nerves that capture odor molecules.

这种组织包含了数百万化感受器，也就是能捕获气味分子的神胞。

For example, neurons communicate neurologic information through neurotransmitter regulated electrical impulses.

比如，神胞传递神信息，通过神递质调控电信号。

Nerve cells are specialised in that they have branched endings called dendrites.

神胞很特殊，它们有分支的末端，称为树突。

Researchers found that " if they sprinkled BDNF onto neurons in a petri dish, the cells automatically sprouted new branches, producing the same structural growth required for learning."

研究人员发现，“当他们给培养皿中的神胞喷洒 BDNF 时，这些胞会自动长出新的分支，表现出与习所需一样的结构性增长。”

It noted that fluctuations in levels in the brain of dopamine, a chemical which carries signals between some nerve cells and was known to be associated with the experience of reward, looked like prediction-error signals.

这篇论文指出，大脑中多巴胺水平的波动看起来像是预测-误差的信号。多巴胺是一种在神胞之间传递信号的化物质，与大脑的奖励机制有关。

STEP 2 Use alpha lipoic acid, or ALA. The burning sensation may be caused by damaged nerves; ALA neutralizes and prevents further damage to nerve cells.

使用α硫辛酸。灼烧感或许是由于损坏的神造成的。α硫辛酸中和并防止神胞进一步遭受损害。

First, they will kill some of these neural cells themselves that are responsible for forming part of the brain and, also, it will slow down the growth of these neural progenitor cells if they're not bad yet.

首先，这种病毒会杀死形成部分脑体的神胞，同时会减缓未变坏神前体胞的生长速度。

What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented and human perception far more complicated than previously imagined.

在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1000亿个神胞要比以前想像的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂。

Silent synapses - which, as their name suggests, transmit no signal from one nerve cell to another - are often found on the ends of slender, immature protrusions from nerve cells, called filopodia.

沉默突触——顾名思义，它会将信号从一个神胞传递到另一个神胞——通常出现在神胞长的未成熟突起的末端，称为树突丝。

Yet like the mindless single-cell organisms from which they have evolved(and like the dullest task-accomplishing machines), each is able to secure the energy and raw materials it needs to survive in the competitive environment of the brain.

然而，就像它们从中进化而来的、没有思维能力的单胞器官一样，这些神胞中的每一个都具备获取所需的能量和原料的能力，这种能力确保它们能在互相竞争的大脑环境中生存下去。