The disease often leads to urinary tract infections that can cause renal inflammation and scarring.

造成尿路感染，导致肾炎和瘢痕肾。

In people with urinary catheters, it causes urinary tract infections, or UTIs, like cystitis, pyelonephritis, or prostatitis.

在导尿的患者中，它可以引起尿路感染，例如尿道炎、膀胱炎、肾盂肾炎或者前列腺炎。

Alright, so with membranous glomerulonephritis, the basement membrane becomes damaged which causes nephrotic syndrome.

好，所以在膜性肾小球肾炎中，基底膜受损，可导致肾综合征。

If Leptospira gets to the kidneys, it may infect the interstitium, causing interstitial nephritis, or it may cause an inflammatory reaction that damages the renal tubules, resulting in acute tubular necrosis.

如果钩端螺旋体进入肾脏，它会感染肾间质而引起间质性肾炎，也能引发炎性反应损伤肾小管，导致急性肾小管死。

With pyelonephritis, there may be flank pain, fever, and nausea or vomiting.

肾盂肾炎还伴有腹痛、发热以及恶心呕吐。

The infection causes systemic symptoms like fevers and flank pain at the costvertebral angle and is treated with antibiotics.

急性肾盂肾炎感染导致全身症状，如发热、肋脊角痛；可使用抗生素治疗。

If it goes untreated or the treatment is not successful, then membranous glomerulonephritis can progress to chronic renal failure.

如不加以治疗或治疗不成功，那么膜性肾小球肾炎会进展成慢性肾衰竭。

Alright, so as a quick recap, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a nephrotic syndrome characterized by sclerosis and hyalinosis in some, but not all, glomeruli, and usually only affects part of the glomeruli that it affects.

得！快速回顾一下：局灶节段性肾小球肾炎是一种肾综合征，以部分肾小球的硬化和玻璃样变为特征，影响肾小球的一小部分。

So when there is glomerular injury, red blood cells sneak into the urine —causing hematuria, which contributes to this being a type of nephritic syndrome.

因此当肾小球损伤时，红细胞溜进尿液，导致血尿，也是肾炎综合征的一个症状。

So as a quick recap, intrarenal AKI is kidney injury caused by something within the kidneys themselves, which could be the tubules as in acute tubular necrosis, the glomerulus as in glomerulonephritis, or the interstitium as in acute interstitial nephritis.

好！快速回顾一下：肾性急性肾损伤是由肾脏内部引起的急性肾损伤，可能是小管，如急性肾小管死；或肾小球，如肾小球肾炎；或肾间质，如急性间质性肾炎。

Well, if you said acute interstitial nephritis, you are correct.

如果你说是急性间质性肾炎，那你是对的。

Then we come to nephrology, which deals with the diagnosis and management of a wide range of kidney-related conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, kidney stones, glomerulonephritis and hypertension.

然后我们来到肾学领域，它涉及肾脏相关疾的诊断和管理，如慢性肾、急性肾损伤、肾结石、肾小球肾炎和高血压。

Acute pyelonephritis is most often caused by ascending infection: meaning bacteria start by colonizing the urethra and bladder, which would be a lower urinary tract infection, and make their way up the ureter to the kidney.

急性肾盂肾炎最见的感染途径是上行性感染，即细菌先占领膀胱和尿道（这会是下尿路感染），然后这些细菌向上感染输尿管到肾。

Mr. Antonapoulos has been transferred to the infirmary. He is ill with nephritis. I will have someone show you the way.

Antonapoulos 先生已被转移到医务室。他患了肾炎。我会让人给你指路。

Bright's disease, I was relieved to find, I had only in a modified form, and, so far as that was concerned, I might live for years.

肾炎我也有，但使我感到安慰的是，并不很严重。我还可以活很多年。霍乱我不仅有，而且带有严重的并发症。

If they mention that a transplant is starting to show signs of rejection and on histopathology you see signs of edema and inflammation in the interstitium, well then you think AIN because it's a pretty specific finding.

如果他们提到移植开始出现排斥的迹象， 在组织理学检查中你看到间质有水肿和炎症的迹象，那么你就会想到急性间质性肾炎， 因为这是一个非特异的发现。

Chronic vesicoureteral reflux can cause pyelonephritis, or inflammation of the kidney, and renal scarring, or fibrosis which damages the kidney tissue.

慢性膀胱输尿管反流可能导致肾盂肾炎，即肾脏出现炎症反应，以及瘢痕肾，即肾组织因纤维化而受损。

Alright another type of intrarenal AKI is glomerulonephritis, or GN, which means inflammation of the glomerulus.

好，另一类肾性急性肾损伤是肾小球性肾炎，即GN，意味着肾小球的炎症。

As neutrophils infiltrate and die off, they make their way through the urinary tract, and are peed out; so people with acute pyelonephritis often have white blood cells in their urine.

随着中性粒细胞浸润、死亡，其过尿道排出体外，因此，急性肾盂肾炎的患者尿中可查见白细胞。

So acute pyelonephritis describes an inflamed kidney that develops relatively quickly, usually as a result of a bacterial infection.

急性肾盂肾炎中肾的炎症进展很快，因为细菌感染。