The renal papilla project into minor calyces which join together to form major calyces which funnel into the renal pelvis.

肾乳头突入肾小盏，每2-3个肾小盏合成肾大盏；2-3个肾大盏合并形成漏斗形的肾盂。

Then, you'd better do an IVP X-ray to see if you have kidney stones.

那你最好做一个静脉肾盂造影, 看看有没有肾结石.

And finally, the innermost layer is the renal pelvis, a funnel-shaped tube surrounded by smooth muscle that uses peristalsis to move urine out of the kidney, into the ureter, and into the bladder.

最后，最内层是肾盂，一个被包围的漏斗状管，利用蠕动将尿液从肾脏移出，进入输尿管，进入膀胱。

In grade IV, the ureter is so swollen that it begins to get curvy and the renal pelvis and calyces—the urine collection ducts—become moderately swollen and distorted.

输尿管过于肿胀，甚至开始产生卷曲，肾盂、肾盏和集合管生中度肿胀和扭曲。

In people with urinary catheters, it causes urinary tract infections, or UTIs, like cystitis, pyelonephritis, or prostatitis.

在导尿的患者中，它可以引起尿路感染，例如尿道炎、膀胱炎、肾盂肾炎或者前列腺炎。

With pyelonephritis, there may be flank pain, fever, and nausea or vomiting.

肾盂肾炎还有痛、热以及恶心呕吐。

The infection causes systemic symptoms like fevers and flank pain at the costvertebral angle and is treated with antibiotics.

急性肾盂肾炎感染导致全身症状，如热、肋脊角痛；可使用抗生素治疗。

From there, it goes down the ureter which has a muscular lining which helps to push urine along.

从肾盂起，尿液经输尿管（细长性管道，可推动尿液前进）流下。

Once millions of nephrons have each made urine, it flows into the minor calyces, then major calyces, and finally into the renal pelvis.

当数以百万计的肾单位各自都产生尿液，尿液便流入肾小盏，然后是肾大盏，最终进入肾盂。

Acute pyelonephritis is most often caused by ascending infection: meaning bacteria start by colonizing the urethra and bladder, which would be a lower urinary tract infection, and make their way up the ureter to the kidney.

急性肾盂肾炎最常见的感染途径是上行性感染，即细菌先占领膀胱和尿道（这会是下尿路感染），然后这些细菌向上感染输尿管到肾。

Chronic vesicoureteral reflux can cause pyelonephritis, or inflammation of the kidney, and renal scarring, or fibrosis which damages the kidney tissue.

慢性膀胱输尿管反流可能导致肾盂肾炎，即肾脏出现炎症反应，以及瘢痕肾，即肾组织因纤维化而受损。

Urine collects in the renal pelvis and then heads out of the kidney through the ureter.

尿液在肾盂中聚集，然后通过输尿管排出肾脏。

Finally in grade V, the most severe classification, urine fills up the ureter, pelvis, and calyces causing them swell up completely, and this amount of pressure can lead to kidney failure.

最后，VUR五级最为严重，尿液充满整个输尿管、肾盂、肾盏，导致完全肿胀；这样的高压可能导致肾衰竭。

In grade II, urine fills the entire ureter and the renal pelvis, the center part of the kidney.

尿液充满整个输尿管和肾盂，即肾的中心部分。

As neutrophils infiltrate and die off, they make their way through the urinary tract, and are peed out; so people with acute pyelonephritis often have white blood cells in their urine.

随着中性粒细胞浸润、死亡，其通过尿道排出体外，因此，急性肾盂肾炎的患者通常尿中可查见白细胞。

So acute pyelonephritis describes an inflamed kidney that develops relatively quickly, usually as a result of a bacterial infection.

急性肾盂肾炎中肾的炎症进展很快，病因通常为细菌感染。

There are three major regions of the kidney, cortex, medulla and the renal pelvis.

皮质、髓质和肾盂。外层的颗粒状层是肾皮质。

The pain is caused by the dilation, stretching, and spasm caused by obstruction of the ureter, and is typically worse at the ureteropelvic junction and down the ureter, and subsides once the stone gets to the bladder.

疼痛因输尿管的扩张、牵拉、痉挛而起，通常结石位于肾盂输尿管交界处和输尿管下方时疼痛更为剧烈，一旦结石落入膀胱症状就消失了。

All right, as a quick recap: acute pyelonephritis is typically a bacterial infection of the upper urinary tract, which usually develops from a lower urinary tract infection, especially in individuals with vesicoureteral reflux.

得！快速回顾一下：急性肾盂肾炎是一种典型的上尿路细菌感染，通常由下尿路感染展而来，尤其在膀胱输尿管反流患者中。

Other potential causes of renal papillary necrosis are chronic use of analgesics, like aspirin, as well as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell disease, and pyelonephritis.

其他肾乳头坏死的潜在原因是长期使用止痛药，如阿司匹林、糖尿病、镰状细胞疾病以及肾盂肾炎。