As an October 2011 study in the New England Journal of Medicine says: " Caloric restriction results in acute compensatory changes, including profound reductions in energy expenditure and levels of leptin and cholecystokinin and increases in ghrelin and appetite."

正如 2011 年 10 月发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上的一项研究所说：“热量限制会导致急性代偿性变化，包括能量消耗、胆囊收缩水平的显著降低，以及胃饥饿食欲的增加。”

She wrote of doctors that told her she needed to have her gallbladder removed that admitted to her that the surgery might not make a difference at tall.

她写道，医生告诉她需要切除胆囊，然后向她承认手术可能不会有什么不同。

It looked like a typical gallbladder attack. He was a 68-year-old man.

这看起来像是典型的胆囊疾病。他当时68岁，男性。

As it's produced, bile is funneled into a small container below the liver, called the gallbladder, before being trickled into the intestine to help break down fats, destroy microbes, and neutralize extra stomach acid.

产生之后，胆汁会流向一个位于肝脏下方的小容器内，被称胆囊，在流入肠道之前，它会助分解脂肪， 消除微生物以及中多余的胃酸。

The gallbladder is " A 4-inch pear-shaped organ that stores bile."

胆囊是 " 储存胆汁的4英寸梨形器官" 。

Mr. Sorrento, when we removed your wife's gallbladder, we found that there were calcifications.

Sorrento 先生，在们给你太太切除胆囊的过程中发现有钙化现象。

Well, the gallbladder is a tiny little bag that lives underneath the right lobe of the liver. As you can see here, it's attached via the cystic duct to the common bile duct.

嗯，胆囊是一个很小的小袋子，位于肝右叶下方正如你在这里看到的，它通过胆囊管连接到胆总管。

My gallbladder was working too hard because I was eating an unhealthy diet and not exercising enough, so inside my gallbladder, there were too big hard stones.

的胆囊非常辛苦，的饮食不健康，而且缺乏锻炼，所以胆囊里的结石又大又硬。

Alright, as a quick recap: gallstone ileus is where repeated cholecystitis, or inflammation of the gallbladder, cause a cholecystoenteric fistula to form, allowing gallstones to travel to the small bowel and become lodged, which can lead to mechanical obstruction.

得！快速回顾一下：胆石性肠梗阻是由于反复发作的胆囊炎，即胆囊炎性疾病，会导致胆囊肠道瘘形成，胆结石可由此直接进入小肠使其堵塞，引发机械性肠梗阻。

You might also want to consider removing your gallbladder and appendix for your extended flight, as it could protect those organs from bursting due to pressure changes.

你也可以考虑在长途飞行中摘除胆囊阑尾，这可以预防这些器官压力变化而破裂。

Beyond these layers, the GI tract gets tons of support from the accessory digestive organs, like your teeth, and your tongue, your gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.

除了这些层，胃肠道从辅助消化器官得到大量的支持，比如你的牙齿、舌头、胆囊、唾液腺、肝脏胰腺。

So with the price of college tuition being what it is, and my mother had that gallbladder operation, well, we're just a little tapped out at the moment.

得负担孩子的大学学费，外加上妈妈的胆囊炎手术费用，所以，现在手头并不宽裕。

Cholecystokinin stimulates acinar cells in the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes that travel through the pancreatic ducts and into the duodenum.

胆囊收缩也能刺激胰腺的腺泡细胞产生消化酶；消化酶从胰腺导管排出，进入十二指肠。

Busy. I removed an appendix, a gall bladder and about a foot and a half of bowel.

忙死了。割了一个阑尾，一个胆囊还有一段一尺半的肠子。

The cholecystokinin makes its way to the gallbladder, the thin walled, green sac snuggling up against the liver, and signals it to squeeze out some bile through the cystic and bile ducts into the small intestine.

当胆囊收缩到达胆囊（即位于右方肋骨下肝脏后方的梨形囊袋构造），胆囊在激信息的指引下开始收缩，将胆汁通过胆囊管胆管排入小肠内。

Sometimes it goes into a big bucket if it's a big gallbladder.

如果它是一个大胆囊，有时它会进入一个大桶。

You can lose a gallbladder, an appendix, and everything's fine.

你可以切掉胆囊，阑尾，啥事都没有。

So now I have no gallbladder, so if I eat oily food… well I have no gallbladder to contain the bile from my liver which I need to process the oil.

所以现在没有胆囊，如果吃油腻的食物… … 没有胆囊来储存肝脏制造的胆汁，无法用胆汁来溶解油脂。

If the gallstone is brown pigmented, it's often a sign of gallbladder or biliary tract infection, and often the stones have even ventured outside gallbladder and into the bile ducts.

如果胆结石是褐色的，它通常是胆囊或胆道感染的征兆，并且通常此类结石有脱出胆囊并进入胆管的风险。

And I pulled out his chart because we were going to take him to the operating room to take out his gallbladder, and this remarkable story unfolded.

拿出他的病历，们要带他去手术室取出他的胆囊，这个非凡的故事展开了。