Frequently affected organs include the liver, where the bacterial toxins damage liver sinusoids and hepatocytes, causing bilirubin to spill into the bloodstream - which clinically translates as jaundice.

肝脏是常见的受累器官，细菌释放的毒素破坏肝窦及肝细胞，导红素释放入液循环，在临床上表现为黄疸。

Although cirrhosis usually affects adults, even newborns can have complications like jaundice, or buildup of bilirubin in the blood, on account of poor excretion by the liver.

尽管肝硬化多见于成年人，但新生儿也可有相应并发症，如黄疸，或由于肝脏代谢不良导液中淤积红素。

These are made when there's too much bilirubin in the bile and it has combined with calcium to form the solid precipitate calcium bilirubinate.

当汁中含有红素时会形成此类结石，由红素与钙结合形成固体沉淀物红素钙。

Recycling of that heme group yields unconjugated bilirubin, which at high concentration can cause scleral icterus, jaundice, and bilirubin gall stones.

亚铁红素的循环利用会产生非结合红素，其浓度高会导黄染、黄疸与红素结石。

In addition, serum amylase, lipase and bilirubin might sometimes be elevated.

此外，清淀粉酶、脂肪酶和红素有时可能升高。

Alright, so the other type is bilirubin or pigmented gallstones.

红素结石，或称色素结石。

Usually though, bile salts bind up the calcium ions and keep them from binding with and precipitating unconjugated bilirubin.

通常情况下，盐会结合钙离子，以此阻止钙离子与非结合红素结合并沉淀。

Since they're made partly of calcium, they'll usually be radiopaque, meaning you can see them on x-ray, here's an example showing pigmented gallstones on x-ray.

因为红素结石部分由钙组成，故它们无法透射线，意味着可在X光片上看到这些结石，这里是一个色素结石在X射线下显影的例子。

And, since the liver usually conjugates bilirubin, there'll be increased unconjugated bilirubin in the blood from a less-functional liver and that can lead to jaundice.

还有，由于肝脏能把液中多的非结合红素转变成结合红素，肝脏功能减退还会引起的液中非结合红素升高，引发黄疸。

Well the vast majority is conjugated, but there is a small amount of unconjugated bilirubin in bile, only about 1-2% of total bilirubin, which is only 1% of bile.

其实汁中绝大部分是结合红素，但仍有少的非结合红素，仅占总红素的1-2%，占汁的1%。

The brownness is due to this mix of unconjugated or hydrolyzed bilirubin and phospholipids.

结石的褐色源自未结合红素，或水解的红素，和磷脂的混合物。

And the doctors there didn't even know what a high bilirubin was, and I passed.

那里的医生甚至不知道高红素是什么，但我通了检查。

She was asymptomatic, and her bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels were normal.

她无症状，红素、碱性磷酸酶及谷氨酰转肽酶水平均正常。

And he was turning yellow and then orange with jaundice, with these high levels of bilirubin and just started to scratch and claw and was really, really miserable.

由于黄疸，红素含很高，他的皮肤颜色变黄，然后变成橙色，他开始抓挠，真的非常非常痛苦。

It manufactures blood proteins, destroys old erythrocytes and releases bilirubin, removes poisons (detoxificatien) from the blood, stores and releases glycogen needed by the body.

它生产浆蛋白，破坏衰老的红细胞并释放红素，从液中去除毒素（解毒作用），储存和释放身体所需的糖原。

I thought there was only conjugated bilirubin in bile?

这是怎么回事？难道汁里不是只有结合红素？

Bilirubin is a yellowish waste compound that’s produced when old red blood cells are broken down.

红素是一种淡黄色的废物化合物，是在旧红细胞分解时产生的。

Jaundice actually occurs when your blood contains an excess of the molecule bilirubin.

当您的液中含有的红素分子时， 就会出现黄疸。

He had high bilirubin levels in his blood, which is generally harmless on its own, but it was enough to flunk the physical.

他的液中红素水平偏高，这通常本身并无害处，但已足以导体检不合格。

Since it's the bilirubin in bile, we'd maybe assume that they're made of conjugated bilirubin, right?

由于是汁中的红素，我们大概会认为它们是由结合红素构成的，对吧？