Apart from pituitary adenomas, there are ectopic sources of ACTH like small cell lung cancer, and in these cases the excess ACTH is coming from somewhere other than the pituitary.

除了垂体，ACTH也有异位来源，比如小细胞肺癌；在这种情况下，垂体以外的部位分泌过多的ACTH。

They form when there is a mutation in the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli gene or APC gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell growth.

当结样息肉病（APC）基突变时，结往往会形成；APC基一种调控细胞增殖的抑癌基。

Instead, the pituitary adenoma simply grows in size and secretes too much ACTH.

相反，垂体只会增大，并分泌过多的ACTH。

In some cases, Cushing syndrome results from a pituitary adenoma making excess ACTH, and in those situations it's called Cushing disease.

在某些病例中，库欣综合征由垂体造过多促肾上皮质激素导致的；在这种情况下，它被称作库欣病。

The second most common cause is called Conn syndrome and this is where an adenoma or tumor in the glandular epithelial cells secretes too much hormone.

第二常见的称为Conn综合征：这由于起源于上皮细胞的或肿分泌过多的激素。

A different cause is a hyper functioning thyroid adenoma where the follicular cells start growing uncontrollably, forming a benign tumor that makes excess thyroid hormones.

另一个功能亢进的甲状，即滤泡细胞的生长开始不受控，形成一个产生过量甲状激素的良性肿。

Another common cause of endogenous Cushing syndrome is tumors of the adrenal glands that make excess cortisol - like adrenal adenomas, which are benign tumors, and adrenal carcinomas, which are malignant tumors.

另一种常见的内源性库欣综合征的肾上肿导致过多的皮质醇分泌，比如肾上，一种良性肿，还有肾上癌，一种恶性肿。

In both adrenal adenomas and carcinomas, the cells of the zona fasciculata within the adrenal cortex start dividing abnormally and secrete excess cortisol.

在肾上和肾上癌中，肾上皮质里束状带的细胞开始异常分裂并分泌过多皮质醇。

Low ACTH levels can be seen in adrenal adenomas and carcinomas, whereas high ACTH levels can be seen in Cushing disease and ectopic ACTH production.

肾上和肾上癌会检测出低水平ACTH，库欣病和异位ACTH综合征会检测出高水平ACTH。

I know as someone that doesn't do as much with breast conditions, I always get a little bit confused when they talk about, you know, a fibroadenoma or fibrocystic breast disease.

作为一名对乳疾病涉猎不深的人，每当听到他们讨论纤维或乳纤维囊性病变时，我总有点摸不着头脑。

According to the Celiac Disease Foundation, gluten is a general name for the proteins found in wheat, rye, barley and triticale, which is a cross between wheat and rye.

根据美国家族性息肉病基金会的说法，麸质存在于小麦、黑麦、大麦和黑小麦（小麦和黑麦的杂交品种）中的一种蛋白质的通用名称。

This is described in several case reports of insulinoma diagnosed during pregnancy.

几篇关于怀孕期确诊胰的病例报告有谈到这点。

The leading cause of that is a pituitary adenoma, which is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland- and this specific condition is called Cushing disease.

垂体导致这一失常的主要，这一种位于垂体的良性肿，在这种特定情况下被称为库欣病。

So if we are just doing surveillance based on imaging, the imaging look consistent with fibroadenomas, there's no other risk factors.

此， 若仅依据影像学进行监测，且影像显示与纤维一致，并无其他风险素。

If Cushing syndrome is due to a pituitary adenoma - like in Cushing disease - then surgical excision of the adenoma may be needed.

如果库欣综合征由于垂体导致，比如库欣病，那可能需要手术移除。

It can be exogenous, meaning drug-related, or endogenous, meaning that it's from an adrenal tumor or excess ACTH from a pituitary adenomas, in which case it's called Cushing disease or from an ectopic site like small cell lung cancer.

它可以外源性，也就药物相关；或内源性，也就由肾上肿或由垂体分泌过多ACTH造成，这种情况下叫做库欣病，或源于异位分泌，比如小细胞肺癌。

Unlike pituitary adenomas, ectopic sites of ACTH productions typically don't respond even to high doses of dexamethasone, and the serum cortisol remains high.

和垂体不同，异位ACTH综合征一般对高剂量地塞米松没有反应，血清皮质醇还会很高。