Matrix producers pump out the extracellular goo, swimmers assemble flagella and are free to move about or migrate, and spore-formers produce dormant, tough endospores that survive starvation, temperature extremes, and harmful radiation.

基制造者能够分泌细胞外粘性物，鞭毛可以自由活动和迁移，芽孢生产休眠、坚硬的孢子内壁，孢子内壁能够在饥饿、极端温度、以及有害射线下生存。

It is considered the best growth medium for anthrax spores.

那被认为是炭疽芽孢最好的生。

Moreover, examination of this royal jelly revealed elevated levels, compared with royal jelly from bees that had not been dosed with P. larvae, of an antimicrobial peptide known as defensin-1.

而且，荧光显微镜确实证实了幼虫芽孢杆的碎片正在进入那些用掺有糖水的蜜蜂分泌的蜂王浆中。

And when they feel the stress of fresh, oxygenated air they often produce spores, which are metabolically inert and extremely resilient to the environment.

一旦感受到来自新鲜富氧的空气的刺激，他们便形成芽孢；芽孢新陈代谢慢，环境适应性极强。

It's a non-spore forming, aerobic, facultative intracellular, catalase and oxidase positive bacteria that is best visualized with silver stain and grows well on BCYE agar with cysteine and iron into grey-white colonies with a cut-glass appearance.

它是非芽孢、需氧、兼性细胞内寄生、氧化酶和过氧化氢酶阳性的细；最佳观察方式是银染色；在BCYE培养基供给半胱氨酸和铁的情况下生良好，可形成雕花玻璃样的灰白色。

After much research, he saw the microbe Bacillus anthracis with his microscope, proving that a germ could cause a disease.

经过大量研究，他用显微镜看到了炭疽芽孢杆，证明了细可以引疾病。

They've actually added a gene from a bacteria called bacillus thuringiensis.

他们实际上添加了一种来自一种叫做苏云金芽孢杆的细的基因。

And, sure enough, fluorescent microscopy confirmed that fragments of P. larvae were getting into royal jelly secreted by those bees which had been fed with the laced sugarwater.

果然，荧光显微镜证实了幼虫芽孢杆的碎片进入了那些用加了糖水的蜜蜂分泌的蜂王浆中。

So, once he was there, how long do you estimate it would take him to assess the spores' progress?

如果他在实验室，你觉得他需要多久来完成对炭疽芽孢的评估？

This infectious bacterium forms spores in the colon that are immune to antibiotics and very difficult to destroy.

这种具备传染性的细在结肠中形成对抗生素免疫且难以消灭的芽孢。

In nature, they thrive in deep, compact soil, and when they feel the stress of fresh oxygenated air, they often produce spores, which are extremely resilient to the environment, and can even survive cooking.

自然界中，它们生活在坚实的深部土壤；当他们感受到富氧的新鲜空气时，常常形成能耐受极端环境的芽孢，甚至能挺过烹饪。

When conditions improve, for example, when food is slowly cooled or stored, the spores can sprout into full-fledged Clostridia.

当环境改善时，比如食物变凉或被封存，芽孢会释放出全新的梭。

Alright, as a quick recap, Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe that resides in the soil.

得！我们快速复习一下：产气荚膜梭是革兰氏阳性、有芽孢的厌氧，通常居于土壤中。

Spores of Clostridium tetani are most often introduced into the body through penetrating trauma, like a puncture wound.

破伤风梭的芽孢最常通过穿透性损伤进入人体，如刺伤。

And an important point is that Clostridium spores can get introduced from dirty wounds like a rusty nail as well as clean wounds like a recently washed kitchen knife.

很重要的一点是，破伤风梭芽孢不仅可通过污染性伤口进入人体，如被生锈的钉子扎伤，也可通过“看似干净的伤口”进入人体，如被刚清洗过的菜刀割伤。

This is Bacillus subtilis. Those white dots that you see are spores.

这是枯草芽孢杆。你看到的那些白点是孢子。

So this is bacillus anthracis, will start to grow.

所以这是炭疽芽孢杆，将会开始生。

His team has completed deciphering the Bacillus F DNA but now faces the complicated task of figuring out which genes are responsible for the longevity of the virus.

他的团队已经完成了对芽孢杆 F DNA 的破译，但现在面临着弄清楚哪些基因与病毒的寿命有关的复杂任务。

Legionella pneumophila is non-spore forming, aerobic, which means it needs oxygen to survive, facultative intracellular, which means it can survive both inside and outside the cell, and oxidase and catalase positive, which means it produces both of these enzymes.

嗜肺军团是一种非芽孢好氧细，需要氧气才能存活，也是兼性细胞内寄生，即它在细胞内外均可生存，氧化酶和过氧化氢酶阳性，即它可以产生这两种酶。

The bacterium that causes anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, is a tiny, rod-shaped organism that is visible only under a microscope.

引炭疽的细， 炭疽芽孢杆，是一种只有在显微镜下才能看到的细小杆状生物。