This capsule is a major virulence factor because of its antiphagocytic ability.

荚膜具有抗吞噬作用，所以是其主力因子。

Within 24 hours, the bacteria starts to make clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, or CPE.

24小时内，细菌开始产生产气荚膜梭菌肠素（CPE)。

Klebsiella has an abundant polysaccharide capsule which leads to the formation of very mucoid and viscous pink colonies.

克雷伯杆菌具有很厚多糖荚膜，所以可以产生很多黏性物质使得菌落非常粘稠。

Clostridium perfringens is a common cause of food poisoning, in fact, it's sometimes called " the cafeteria germ" .

产气荚膜梭菌，是引起食物中常见病原体；事实，它有时被称为“自助餐细菌”。

On the capsule, there are pili, which are hair-like extensions that help the bacteria attach to host cells.

荚膜还有起黏附作用菌毛。

In fact, at an optimum temperature, Clostridium perfringens has one of the fastest growing rates of any bacterium!

事实，在最适温度下，产气荚膜梭菌是增殖速度最快细菌之一。

If a person eats food contaminated with C. perfringens, the bacteria will soon colonize the gut.

如果有人吃了被产气荚膜梭菌污染了食物，细菌会在肠道定植。

The symptoms of Clostridium perfringens enteritis include abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea, and vomiting.

产气荚膜梭菌性肠炎症状包括腹部绞痛、水样泻、呕吐。

First, Klebsiella pneumoniae is encapsulated, which means it's covered by a polysaccharide layer called a capsule.

首先，它被多糖荚膜包裹。

Underneath the capsule, there's an outer membrane, which consist of lipopolysaccharides, or LPS.

荚膜下面是一层外膜，主是脂多糖（LPS）。

Specifically, bacterial infections with encapsulated bacteria.

具体来说，是有荚膜细菌细菌感染。

Now, instead of getting into food, Clostridium perfringens can also sometimes get into a wound.

此外，除了污染食物，产气荚膜梭菌有时也会感染伤口。

Clostridium perfringens are found out in the environment and they can accidentally contaminate food when it's been left out for a while.

产气荚膜梭菌在我们身边环境就有；它们可能恰巧污染了放置在外面一阵子食物。

There's been an outbreak of salmonella and clostridium perfringens, another bacterial infection, in the U.S. state of Louisiana.

AZUZ：美国路易斯安那州爆发了沙门氏菌和产气荚膜梭菌，这是另一种细菌感染。

But uncooked food - like salads, or reheated food - like leftovers, can be a good home to Clostridium perfringens.

而如沙拉等生食或二次加热剩菜等食物，可以为产气荚膜梭菌优良培养基。

The capsule is considered an important virulence factor since the strains that lack a capsule are less virulent.

荚膜被认为是重力因子，因为缺少荚膜菌株力相对较弱。

Alright, as a quick recap, Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe that resides in the soil.

得！我们快速复习一下：产气荚膜梭菌是革兰氏阳性、有芽孢厌氧菌，通常居于土壤中。

Clostridium perfringens food poisoning typically causes mild symptoms, lasts about a day, and resolves without antibiotics.

产气荚膜梭菌食物中产生症状比较轻微，持续约一天，无需抗生素可自行缓解。

That's where another toxin, Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin, or CPAT, causes direct damage to cells, causing them to swell up and lyse - or pop.

这是由于产气荚膜梭菌产生另一种α素（CPAT）直接伤害细胞，导致细胞肿胀、崩解。

Finally, children with sickle cell typically get prophylaxis with penicillin and an additional polysaccharide vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae to help prevent sepsis and meningitis with encapsulated bacteria.

最后，镰状细胞病儿童通常会预防性使用青霉素以及其它多糖疫苗，以对抗肺炎链球菌，有助于预防荚膜菌引发败血症和脑膜炎。