Most commonly, Leptospira gets into the host system via abrasions or cuts on the skin.

钩端螺旋体一般通过皮肤表面创口进入宿主体内。

I mean, they transmit leptospirosis and hantavirus.

我是说，他们会 传染细螺旋体病或是汉他病毒。

The Leptospira genus has over 20 species, and the most common species that causes leptospirosis in humans is Leptospira interrogans.

钩端螺旋体属有超过20种亚属，其中问号钩端螺旋体（Leptospira interrogans）是导致人类钩端螺旋体病的最常见致病菌。

Leptospira is also a motile bacteria because it has flagella that help it move around.

钩端螺旋体也是一种动菌，因为它有以帮助运动的鞭毛。

Rats can spread diseases like leptospirosis, which can lead to kidney and liver failure.

老会传播钩端螺旋体病等疾病，这种疾病会导致肾和肝脏衰竭。

Leptospira causes a zoonotic infection called leptospirosis, which has two phases.

钩端螺旋体会导致一种名为钩端螺旋体病的人畜共通传染病，其有两。

There are also tick-borne causes of meningitis like Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria - which the cause of Lyme disease.

脑膜炎也有蜱传播病因，比如像莱姆病螺旋体菌，这也是莱姆病病因。

Sometimes magnetic fields can twist plasma in the Sun's atmosphere into majestic helical shapes called " flux ropes" .

有时磁场会将太阳大气层中的的等离子体扭曲，成为被称做“通量绳”的宏伟的螺旋体。

Leptospirosis is treated with penicillin G, and doxycycline can be used as an alternative.

钩端螺旋体病的治疗主要施用抗生素苄青霉素，多西环素作为备选。

As time passed, the softer sand around the burrows began to erode, but not the hardened spirals.

随着时间的流逝，洞穴周围较软的沙子开始被侵蚀，但硬化的螺旋体却没有。

Alright, as a quick recap, leptospira is a genus of tiny spiral gram-negative bacteria that can be seen under a darkfield microscope.

得！快速回顾一下：钩端螺旋体是一种细小的革兰氏阴性菌，它以在暗视野显微镜中被观察到。

Risk factors for leptospirosis include some professions, like people who work in rice-paddies, sugarcane plantations, or people who swim or wade in waters contaminated by animal urines.

导致钩端螺旋体病的危险因素包括一些需在稻田、甘蔗种植区工作的职业或有被动尿液污染的水源游玩史。

Lyme disease is primarily caused by a bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by the bite of the blacklegged tick—more commonly known as the deer tick.

莱姆病主要由一种名为伯氏疏螺旋体的细菌引起，这种细菌通过黑腿蜱（通常称为鹿蜱）的叮咬传播。

We were working on pan-coronavirus vaccines, sickle cell anemia gene therapy, malaria with people across the U.S. and in Africa, leptospirosis with people in southeast Asia, vaccines for peanut allergies.

我们在研究泛冠状病毒疫苗，镰状细胞性贫血基因疗法，美国和非洲的疟疾，东南亚的钩端螺旋体病，花生过敏疫苗。

Now, Leptospira is a tiny spiral bacteria, that stains poorly with Gram staining, because it doesn't retain the Gram dyes well, so it's classically considered gram-negative.

钩端螺旋体是一种细小的螺旋形病菌，革兰氏染色效果较差，因为它不很好地保留染色剂，所以通常认为它是一种革兰氏阴性菌。

It's also too tiny to be seen with a light microscope, so to visualize it, you need a darkfield microscope with use of immunofluorescence is required.

这种细菌也因为体型太细而难以在光学显微镜下显像，所以为了够看见钩端螺旋体，人们需要使用暗视野显微镜以及荧光染色剂。

If Leptospira gets to the kidneys, it may infect the interstitium, causing interstitial nephritis, or it may cause an inflammatory reaction that damages the renal tubules, resulting in acute tubular necrosis.

如果钩端螺旋体进入肾脏，它会感染肾间质而引起间质性肾炎，也引发炎性反应损伤肾小管，导致急性肾小管坏死。

For example, Leptospira interrogans, the most common cause of leptospirosis, has adhesins, which are proteins that help this bacteria attach to the host's cells - usually epithelium, monocytes, and macrophages.

举例子，最常见的致病菌问号钩端螺旋体的粘附素以帮助细菌粘附在宿主细胞表面，通常是表皮细胞、单核细胞以及巨噬细胞的表面。

So Leptospira is a genus of spiral bacteria known to cause leptospirosis, a zoonotic infection, meaning it can be transmitted from animals such as rodents, to humans; especially people who work in sewers and waters contaminated by these animals' urine.

所以，钩端螺旋体是一种导致钩端螺旋体病的螺旋形细菌种属；钩端螺旋体病是一种人畜共通传染病，即以从诸如啮齿类动传染至人类的疾病，特别是在排水系统、或被动尿液污染的水源区工作的人群更易感染。