Even though researchers claim that lined pits will not cause a drainage problem, the room for error is marginal.

尽管研究者们声称，带衬砌的深坑不会引起泄漏问题，当然也不允许出任何差错。

Most of the urban subway tunnels are constructed by shield method, and the linings usually adopt an assembled concrete structure, which exhibits poor resistance to deformation.

城市地铁隧道大多采用盾法施工，衬砌通常采用装配式混凝土，变形能力较差。

The parameters of shield tunnel lining and foundation soil are consistent with the numerical model.

盾隧道衬砌和地基土体参数与数值模型一致。

Since the joint is the key structural element of shield tunnels, which is the frail part of the assembled tunnel lining.

由于接缝是盾隧道的关键元件，是拼装式隧道衬砌的薄弱部分。

The lining sections at 4 m and 14 m along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel are selected to monitor the convergence deformation of the tunnel.

沿隧道纵向选择 4 m 和 14 m 的衬砌，以监测隧道的收敛变形。

In case 3 (Fig 7(c)), the deformation of the left tunnel is larger than that of the right tunnel, and the maximum deformation of the left tunnel is located in the upperright and lower-right parts of the lining.

情况 3 中（图 7（c）），左侧隧道的变形大于右侧隧道的变形，左侧隧道的最大变形位于衬砌的右上部和右下角。

Through indoor model experiments, Atkinson and Potts studied the stability of tunnels in cohesionless soil and analyzed the internal force characteristics of tunnel lining structures under uniform surcharge loading.

通过室内模型实验，Atkinson 和 Potts 研究了隧道性土中的稳定性，并分析了均匀附加载荷下隧道衬砌的内力特性。

The displacement on the left side of the lining is much larger than that on the right side of the lining, and the maximum displacement occurs at the upper-left side of the tunnel lining (Fig 12(b)).

衬砌左侧的位移远大于衬砌右侧的位移，最大位移发生隧道衬砌的左上侧[图 12（b）]。

To accurately evaluate the influence of environmental loads on the deformation of the tunnel lining and reflect the true deformation of the tunnel, translation and rotation should be separated from the deformation simulation results.

为了准确评估环境载荷对隧道衬砌变形的影响，反映隧道的真实变形，应将平移和旋转与变形模拟果分开。

This analytical solution is effective in representing the continuous behavior of soils and especially the discontinuous deformation of tunnel linings, which is verified through comparison with previous analytical solutions.

该解析解可以有效地表示土体的连续行为，尤其是隧道衬砌的不连续变形，通过与以前的解析解进行比较来验证这一点。

In this numerical simulation, 48 equidistant monitoring points are arranged in the inner circumferential direction of the tunnel lining, and the coordinate values of the monitoring points are extracted before and after deformation.

该数值模拟中，隧道衬砌的内圆周方向上布置了 48 个等距监测点，并提取了变形前后监测点的坐标值。

The settlement of the tunnel is arranged along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel at the inner vault of the lining.

隧道的沉降沿隧道的纵向布置衬砌的内拱顶处。

Based on an investigation of ground-heaped loads on metro shield tunnels in soft soil areas, Huang analyzed the influence of ground surcharge loading on the mechanical property deterioration of tunnel linings under different thicknesses of soil.

基于对软土地区地铁盾隧道地面堆载的调查，黄仁勋分析了不同厚度土体下地层堆载对隧道衬砌力学性能劣化的影响。

Responses of Tunnels to External Loads In practical engineering, the shield tunnel lining system is composed of segments connected by steel bolts.

隧道对外部荷载的响应 实际工程中，盾隧道衬砌系统由钢螺栓连接的节组成。

The settlement value of the tunnel vault in case 1 is less than that in case 2 because the symmetrical surcharge loading above the tunnel can balance the stress state of the lining and avoid uneven stress.

情况 1 中隧道拱顶的沉降值小于情况 2 中，因为隧道上方的对称附加荷载可以平衡衬砌的受力状态，避免受力不均。

Ali used the stochastic adaptive finite element limit analysis method to analyze the influence of the spatial variability of soil on the undrained stability of a circular tunnel without a lining.

Ali 使用随机自适应有限元极限分析方法分析了土体空间变化对衬砌圆形隧道不排水稳定性的影响。

The longitudinal flexural stiffness of the shield tunnel is clearly lower than that of the continuous lining tunnel due to the existence of intersegment joints.

由于管片间节理的存，盾隧道的纵向弯曲刚度明显低于连续衬砌隧道。

According to the Shiba theory, the connecting bolt and the lining segment bear tension and pressure, respectively.

根据柴氏理论，连接螺栓和衬砌分别承受拉力和压力。

In the past, scholars have made great efforts to explore the mechanical characteristics of shield tunnel linings under the influence of extreme surcharge by methods of theoretical analysis, numerical analysis, model experiments and case studies.

过去，学者们通过理论分析、数值分析、模型实验和实例分析等方法，努力探究极端加重影响下盾隧道衬砌的力学特性。

Point A is the coordinate monitoring point before the deformation of the lining structure, whereas point A' is the coordinate monitoring point after the deformation of point A. The specific steps are as follows: 1.

A 点是衬砌变形前的坐标监测点，而 A' 点是 A 点变形后的坐标监测点。具体步骤如下： 1.