Gymnosperms and angiosperms both have seeds.

裸子植物和被子植物都有种子。

Baker said angiosperms are more successful at reproducing than gymnosperms.

贝克说，被子植物比裸子植物在繁殖方面更成功。

Gymnosperms usually depend upon the wind for pollination.

裸子植物通常依靠风授粉。

Their closest relatives are the gymnosperms, a group that came before them on Earth.

它们的近亲是裸子植物，这是一个在地球上先于它们的群体。

As gymnosperms declined, angiosperms or flowering plants filled the niches  they left behind.

随着裸子植物的衰落，被子植物或开花植物填补了它们留下的生态位。

Once occupied by semantrons, nor is this a theoretical threat. Madagascar has many endangered plants, including barebabs, palms and members of the proteasy a group represented elsewhere by the macadamia nut tree known by botanists as orphans of extinction.

由苏门答腊犀占据的地方，这是一个理论上的威胁。马达加斯加有许多濒危植物，包括裸子植物、棕榈树和属于山龙眼科的植物，这类植物在其他地方以澳洲坚果为代表，被植物学家称为“灭绝孤儿”。

Known technically as gymnosperms, they have needle-like leaves which are almost always evergreen and reproduce through exposed seeds nestled within cones.

它们在技术上被称为裸子植物， 有针状的叶子， 几乎总是常绿的，通过球果内暴露的种子进行繁殖。

So, why was this butterfly-lookalike visiting a gymnosperm 165 million years ago?

那么，为什么这长得像蝴蝶的会 在 1.65 亿年前造访裸子植物呢？

Like the scorpionflies and lacewings, these true flies were thriving on the reproductive structures of gymnosperms, not angiosperms.

就像蝎蛉和草蛉一样，这些真正的蝇类在裸子植物的繁殖结构上繁盛，而不是被子植物。

And so we have today the two basic types of trees – gymnosperms – the conifers also known as softwoods, and angiosperms, the flowering trees known as broadleafs or hardwoods.

所以今天我们就有了两种基本类型的树木——裸子植物——针叶树，也称为软木， 和被子植物， 开花的树木， 也称为阔叶树或硬木。

Which is weird, because today most gymnosperms are conifers - plants whose reproductive structures often look like cones and are pollinated by wind, not by insects.

这很奇怪， 因为今天大多数裸子植物都是针叶树——它们的生殖结构通常看起来像球果，靠风而不是昆虫授粉。

For millions of years, gymnosperms  grew in vast prehistoric forests and murky swamps, forming dense yet open ecosystems where reptiles  and amphibians thrived.

数百万年来， 裸子植物生长在广阔的史前森林和浑浊的沼泽中，形成密集而开放的生态系统， 爬行动物和两栖动物在这里繁衍生息。

But the gymnosperms haven’t been totally abandoned by their pollinators.

但裸子植物没有 被它们的传粉者完全抛弃。

During the Cretaceous Period, many common plants  were gymnosperms or seed-producing plants, like early conifers.

在白垩纪时期， 许多常见的植物是裸子植物或产生种子的植物，如早期的针叶树。

But, ultimately, many of the specialized gymnosperm pollinators would go extinct, including the ancient lacewings around 100 million years ago, and that group of true flies and certain groups of scorpionflies about 94 million years ago.

但最终，许多特化的裸子植物传粉者会灭绝，包括大约一亿年前的古代草蛉，以及大约九千四百万年前的一类真蝇和某些蝎蛉群体。

They spread into many ecological niches and replaced the gymnosperms.

它们扩散到许多生态位 取代了裸子植物。

But the gymnosperms haven't been totally abandoned by their pollinators.

但裸子植物没有被它们的传粉者完全抛弃。

Like angiosperms replaced gymnosperms, non-avian dinosaurs were largely succeeded by  new kinds of mammals, which began to dominate terrestrial ecosystems.

就像被子植物取代裸子植物一样，鸟类恐龙在很大程度上被新型哺乳动物所取代，开始主宰陆地生态系统。

The sweet pollen drops of some modern gymnosperms still attract pollinating flies and moths.

一些现代裸子植物的甜花粉滴 仍然吸引授粉的苍蝇和飞蛾。

As the angiosperms got their foothold and attracted crossover pollinators like beetles, some pollinators still remained loyal to the gymnosperms.

当被子植物站稳脚跟吸引了一些跨界授粉者如甲虫时，一些授粉者仍然忠于裸子植物。