Some are exchanged via small loops of DNA called plasmids.

一些基因会通过被称为质粒DNA交换。

They also have extra little tiny loops called plasmids.

它们还具有额外，称为质粒。

I did all these experiments actually, with my own hands, I was 58 years old, I was still culturing plasmids and feeding cells, so it is very unlikely.

实际上，所有这些实验都是我亲手做，当时我 58 岁，我还在培养质粒和喂养细胞，所以这是非常不可能。

However, plasmids often contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium such as resistance to antibiotics.

不过质粒通常包赋予细菌选择性优势基因，例如抗素耐药性。

The cytoplasm contains ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis, the nucleoid which contains the genetic material, and plasmids which contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium.

细胞质中有核糖体，它们是蛋白质合成部位；拟核有遗传质以及质粒；质粒有赋予细菌选择性优势基因。

Plasmids have relatively few genes and their genetic information is not essential to the bacterium and cells that lack them usually function normally.

质粒所基因相对较少，并且它们基因对细菌来说并不是必须，缺少质粒细胞往往也可以正常长。

Additionally to the genetic material contained within the nucleoid, many bacteria contain extra chromosomal DNA molecules called plasmids.

了包在拟核中遗传质外，许多细菌有额外DNA分子，称为质粒。

Then they dropped the plasmid into a living bacterium, or yeast.

然后他们将质粒放入活细菌或酵母中。

They loaded it with plasmid's DNA, carrying the CRR gene, and placed this gel right into the brain cavity after removing a glial blastoma tumor in mice.

他们将携带CRR基因质粒DNA装入其中，然后在鼠切胶质母细胞瘤后，将这种凝胶直接植入脑腔。

But this is the first time the plasmid has been found in the United States, and it could get passed around quickly.

但这还是第一次在美国发现这种质粒，它可能会迅速传播开来。

Vectors also incorporate a selectable marker, a gene which allows host cells containing the vector to be selected from amongst those which do not, usually by conferring resistance to a toxin, or enabling their survival under certain growth conditions.

最初大肠杆菌载体是染色体外形质粒，并且相当数量噬菌体（感染细菌病毒）也被用在大肠杆菌中。

So essentially, these plasmids are the vehicles that transfer genes for antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species.

因此本质上，这些质粒是在不同细菌种之间转移抗素抗性基因载体。

Soon after, others began using plasmid vectors and adding genes for antibiotic resistance, greatly increasing the reach of the recombinant techniques. [81]

不久之后，其他人开始使用质粒载体并添加抗素抗性基因，大大增加了重组技术应用范围[81]。

This one had cell culture and transfections, antibodies, plasmids, recombinant virus production and infection, and so on and so forth.

这个有细胞培养和转染、抗体、质粒、重组病毒产和感染等等。

And the thing that makes this mutation especially troubling is that it was found on a plasmid -- a little piece of DNA that can be easily shared between neighboring bacteria, meaning it can spread more easily.

让这种突变特别令人担忧是，它出现在一个质粒上——这是一种可以轻易在邻近细菌之间共享段DNA，这意味着它可以更容易地传播。

Or, in plain english, plasmids are part of the reason that, one day, antibiotics may not be able to help your strep throat anymore.

或者，用简单英语来说，质粒是有一天抗素可能无法再帮助您治疗链球菌性咽喉炎部分原因。

And so a plasmid, remember this would be the chromosomal DNA. This would be the chromosome of the bacteria.

因此，质粒，记住这将是染色体DNA。这将是细菌染色体。

More specialized vectors have been engineered to use aspects of plasmids and bacteriophages, such as the plasmid-bacteriophage h hybrids known as cosmids

质粒和噬菌体已经在很多种类细菌中被使用来表达基因，并且一些噬菌体也许已经被用来将DNA整合到宿主基因组上。

We're just transferring that DNA, that plasmid from one to another.

我们只是将DNA，即质粒，从一个转移到另一个。

This plasmid mutation has been seen in other places before; in China, in animals and some human patients.

这种质粒突变之前在其他地方出现过；在中国，出现在一些动和人类患者身上。