Other research suggests that minimal change disease and FSGS have different mechanisms of podocyte injury.

而另一些研究表明微小病变性肾病和FSGS涉及的胞损伤机制有所不同。

These damaged podocytes allow some plasma proteins and lipids to sneak by, which then go on to get into the urine.

这些受损的胞允许一些血浆蛋白和脂肪通过，进入尿液。

Because these neuropods are cousins of these neuropods.

因这些神经胞是这些神经胞的近亲。

Okay, so you discovered these neuropod cells.

好的，所以你发现了这些神经胞。

So based on the way you describe it, we have these neuropod cells that line our gut.

所以根据你的描述，我们的肠道里有一层神经胞。

The epithelium of the nephron is made of specialized cells called podocytes which wrap around the basement membrane like the tentacles of an octopus.

肾单位的内皮胞特殊的胞组成，称胞；胞突像章鱼触手一样包裹着基底膜。

What other kinds of nutrients do these neuropod cells detect from food?

这些神经胞还能从食物中检测到哪些其他的营养成分？

Alright so on histology, there'll be segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis of the glomeruli, and under electron microscope, there's effacement of the foot processes of the podocytes.

在组织学上，患者的组织活检会出现肾小球节段性硬化和玻璃样变，在电镜下可见胞突消失。

Some research suggests that these changes in FSGS are a continuation from another nephrotic syndrome called minimal change disease which is also characterized by podocyte injury.

一些研究表明FSGS的病变是另一种肾病综合征微小病变性肾病发展而来的；该病也是胞损伤介导的。

There is quite a bit of work still to be done from, specifically from the neuropods.

神经胞还有很多工作待完成。

GLP-1 interacts with the neuropod cells and this pathway that you're describing, given what these neuropod cells do for craving or aversion?

GLP-1 神经胞相互作用， 你所说的这条路径，考虑到这些神经胞对渴望或厌恶的作用是什么？

And at some point we, and it was coming from like some cells in the kidneys that they are called podia or something like that.

而在某个时刻，它们来自肾脏中的一些被称胞的胞。

What is known, though, is that the podocytes, which are the cells that have these long tentacle-like projections, called foot processes, that wrap around the capillaries in the glomeruli, are damaged.

但我们已经知道，是有着长长的、触手样突的、包绕肾小球毛血管簇的胞受损。

Whether they bind directly to the GBM, or come from somewhere else, these immune complexes are called subepithelial deposits because they're sandwiched right between the epithelial cells or podocytes, and the GBM.

无论是直接肾小球基膜结合或从别处而来，这些免疫复合物称之上皮下沉积物，因它们位于胞这类上皮胞和肾小球基膜之间。

So the information from the gut is sent via these neuropod cells up to, you mentioned the no-dose ganglion, such a cool name for a brain.

所以来自肠道的信息通过这些神经胞传递到你提到的孤束核，这个名字听起来很酷。

But what you're saying is that as the ice cream enters the gut, there are neuropod cells there that are also sensing the sugar and signaling to the brain.

但你的意思是， 当冰淇淋进入肠道时，那里的神经胞也会感知到糖分并向大脑发出信号。

So this woman that you met at Thanksgiving had gastric bypass surgery, and presumably, I think it's fair to assume, a good number of these neuropod cells that sense different nutrients were removed.

所以你在感恩节遇到的那位女士做了胃旁路手术，据推测， 我认可以合假设，很多这些能感知不同营养物质的神经胞被切除了。

So when we were able to put those opsins, the light-sensitive proteins, inside of these neuropods, and now when we turn the light on to shut off these cells very rapidly, we found something very interesting.

所以当我们把这些光敏蛋白放入这些神经胞内时，现在当我们打开灯光迅速关闭这些胞时，我们发现了一些非常有趣的东西。