Unwittingly or not, Mr Noda has thrust mercantilist Japan into a central position on a trade treaty in which free movement of everything except labour is on the table.

无论有意与否，野田把重商主义的日本推到一项贸易协议的中心地位，而这一协议将讨论动力之外所有商品的自由流动。

Critics called Mr. Trump's terms rapacious, colonialist and mercantilist.

批评人士称特朗普的条件是贪婪的、殖民主义和重商主义的。

Following this catastrophe, a more diffuse  and mercantilist power structure emerged.

这场灾难之后，出现更加分散和重商主义的权力结构。

This is very much a return to the idea of mercantilism, which was the main sort of economic way of thinking from the 1300s up to sort of the mid 1700s when Adam Smith, the Scottish philosopher, got going.

这实质上是对重商主义思想的回归，重商主义是14世纪至18世纪中叶亚当·斯密（苏格兰哲学家）提出自由市场理论之前，主导经济思维的主要式。

In the field of economics, a new scientific approach was overturning the old mercantilist view of an economy driven by protected trade and reliant on exports as a means of preserving its wealth.

在经济学领域，一种新的科学方法正在颠覆旧的重商主义观点，即经济是由受保护的贸易驱动并依赖出口来保存其财富的。

It is also 66 other countries, so we are talking about big developing countries that should be industrializing, are getting de-industrialized because of the mercantilist actions of countries like China.

这也是其他66个国家， 所以我们谈论的是那些本应工业化的大型发展中国家，由于像中国这样的国家的重商主义行而出现去工业化现象。

It's a convenient ideology because England rules the globe in terms of trade, but it is an ideology that people believe in and it does replace The Old Mercantilism.

这是一种方便的意识形， 英国在全球贸易中占据主导地位，但它确实取代旧的重商主义， 成人们所信奉的新理念。

And that means trade exchange is not seen as something mutually beneficial, but pretty much in a kind of textbook simplified mercantilist view, it's a tit for tat.

这意味着贸易往来不被视互利共赢，而是几乎完全按照教科书上简化的重商主义观点来看待，即针锋相对。 此，在贸易中，总有一方是赢家， 一方是输家。

As for earlier mercantilist theory, no intelligible account was available; and we were brought up to believe that it was little better than nonsense.

至于早期的重商主义理论， 没有可理解的说明； 我们从小就相信这比胡说八道好不多少。

Before the 19th century, most European countries tried to do just that prioritizing self-sufficiency in a system called mercantilism.

在19世纪之前，大多数欧洲国家都试图通过一个称重商主义的体系来优先实现自给自足。

The purposes of the mercantilists were not the same as those of modern economists.

重商主义者的目的与现代经济学家的目的不同。

Jefferson pleaded for the rights of Americans to trade freely in international commerce, contrary to the crippling mercantilist system England practiced.

杰斐逊美国人在国际贸易中自由交易的权利辩护, 这与英国实行的重商主义制度相悖。

This is made easy by reference to Professor Heckscher's great work on Mercantilism, in which the essential characteristics of economic thought over a period of two centuries are made available for the first time to the general economic reader.

赫克歇尔教授关于重商主义的伟大著作使这一点变得容易， 其中两个世纪以来经济思想的基本特征首次普通经济学读者所解。

And I think in some ways, Adam Smith's characterization of recantalism was a bit risible, because he conflated elements of it and didn't do justice to all of the writers.

我认在某些方面， 亚当·斯密对重商主义的描述有些可笑，他混淆其部分内容， 并未公正对待所有相关作家。

These colonies were founded as  British possessions in the Americas, displacing Native Americans and subjecting  civilians to a policy known as mercantilism.

这些殖民地是作英国在美洲的财产而建立的，取代美洲原住民， 并使平民受制于一种被称重商主义的政策。

In the 18th century, Adam Smith attacked the old mercantilist ideas of protectionism, which aimed to restrict the inflow of foreign goods.

在18世纪， 亚当·斯密抨击旧的重商主义保护主义思想，这种思想旨在限制外国商品的流入。

To him, all nations could advance at the same time in terms of the prosperity of their respective peoples, even though military power—a major concern of the mercantilists—was of course relative and a zero-sum competition.

对他来说，所有国家都可以在各自人民的繁荣方面同时进步，尽管军事力量——重商主义者的主要关注点——当然是相对的和零和竞争。

Let me first state in my own terms what now seems to me to be the element of scientific truth in mercantilist doctrine. We will then compare this with the actual arguments of the mercantilists.

让我首先用我自己的话说，在我看来，重商主义学说中的科学真理要素是什么。然后我们将把它与重商主义者的实际论点进行比较。

Between the 16th and 18th centuries, Europe was dominated by an economic way of thinking called mercantilism.

在16至18世纪之间，欧洲盛行一种名重商主义的经济思想。

However, there is a coherence in the writings of the mercantilists, if we understand their purposes, as well as their conceptions of the world.

然而，如果我们理解重商主义者的目的以及他们的世界观，那么他们的著作是具有连贯性的。