So how do hormones bind to their target cells?

那么激素是如何与靶细结合的呢？

NK cells kill their target cells by releasing cytotoxic granules in their cytoplasm directly into the target cell.

NK细释放质内的细毒颗粒直接进入靶细内，来杀死靶细。

So target cells for those kinds of hormones have receptors for them on the outside of their membranes.

所以这些激素的靶细的外面有受体。

Like steroids, thyroid hormone is lipid-soluble, so it crosses the membrane of its target cell to bind inside the nucleus.

像类固醇一样，甲状腺激素是脂溶性的，所以它穿靶细的与细核结合。

CAR-T cells, and also CAR-NK cells, they kill mainly through what's called CAR-dependent cytotoxicity.

CAR-T细以及CAR-NK细主要所谓的CAR依赖性细毒性来杀伤靶细。

They use proteins, perforna and granzyme, to punch holes in the target cell.

它们利用蛋白质、穿孔素和颗粒酶靶细上打孔。

Hormones activate target cells by one of two methods, depending upon the chemical nature of the hormone.

根据激素的化学性质，激素种方法之一激活靶细。

Since the liver cells seem to be the main cells targeted in Reye's disease, the liver becomes one of the main organs affected.

由于肝细是瑞氏综合征的靶细，所以肝脏成为了主要的受累器官。

Lipid-soluble hormones (steroid hormones and hormones of the thyroid gland) diffuse through the cell membranes of target cells.

脂溶性激素(类固醇激素和甲状腺激素)经扩散靶细的细。

In this case it's going to target cells in the liver and it's going to make them release glucose from glycogen.

这种情况下，它将作用于肝脏中的靶细，促使它们从糖原中释放葡萄糖。

Lipid-soluble hormones, on the other hand, can just basically glide right through that cell membrane, so their receptor sites are inside their target cells.

另一方面，脂溶性荷尔蒙可以直接穿细，所以它们的受体位于靶细内。

A hormone is a chemical messenger produced by a cell that effects specific change in the cellular activity of target cells.

激素是细产生的一种化学信使，它能引起靶细活动的特定变化。

The target cells and their receptors also move around, so the researchers think the fibers' movement could increase the chance that they'll collide with a receptor.

由于靶细和它们的受体也运动，因此研究人员认为纤维的运动可能会增加它们与受体结合的机会。

So, just like some keys can open many locks, while others only work with one, so too can the hormone-target-cell relationship either be widespread or localized.

所以，就像一些钥匙可以打开许多锁，而另一些钥匙只能用一把锁一样，激素-靶细的关系也可以是广泛的或局部的。

Because of the specificity of hormone and target cell, the effects produced by a single hormone may vary among different kinds of target cells.

由于激素和靶细的特异性，单一激素对不同类型靶细产生的作用可能不同。

But key effector molecules, the things T cells use to kill target cells, like granzyme B, GZMB, and perforin, were significantly enriched in these HMW aggregates.

然而，关键的效应分子——T细用于杀伤靶细的物质，如粒酶B（GZMB）和穿孔素，这些高分子量聚集体中显着富集。

They are well-known, powerful signals that promote NK cell survival, proliferation, making more NK cells, and importantly, their activation and cytotoxic function, their ability to kill target cells.

它们是众所周知的强效信号，可促进NK细的存活和增殖，产生更多的NK细，并且尤为重要的是，能够激活NK细并增强其细毒性功能，即杀伤靶细的能力。

The CRH makes the very short trip through the bloodstream to the anterior pituitary gland, where, because it's water soluble, it binds to receptors on the outside of its target cells.

CRH 血液很短的行程到达垂体前叶，那里，因为它是水溶性的，它与靶细外部的受体结合。

Either way, when a target cell is activated, the hormone alters its activity, by either increasing or decreasing some of its functions — usually with the goal of maintaining your body's homeostasis in one way or another.

不管怎样，当一个靶细被激活时，激素就会改变它的活性，增加或减少它的一些功能——常目的是以这样或那样的方式维持你身体的体内平衡。

These granules contain some molecules that punch holes in the target cell's membrane by binding by binding directly to the phospholipids and creating pores. and some that cause target cells to undergo apoptosis, which is a programmed cell death.

这些颗粒内含一些能靶细上打孔的分子，它们直接与磷脂结合，然后穿孔；还有一些能够导致靶细凋亡，即程序性细死亡。