Giardia, Shigella, and E. Coli may cause diarrheal illnesses.

毛，志贺氏菌，和大肠杆菌可能引起腹泻。

Others have only one flagellum. The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water.

而有的细菌只有一根毛。毛的旋转可以推动细菌在水中行进。

Another French term was giardia a type of plant or flower.

另一个法语术语是giardia（贾第毛），一种植或花。

For capturing food, it would use its flagelliform silk gland to build the trap.

如果要捕捉食，它就会用毛状丝腺来制造陷阱。

Leptospira is also a motile bacteria because it has flagella that help it move around.

螺旋体是一种能动菌，因为它有可以帮助运动的毛。

They can also have flagella which are long, whip-like protrusions that allow the bacteria to move.

细菌表面有类似子一样的突出，称为毛，它们参与协助细菌运动。

Well, choanoflagellates have little flagella that whip back and forth to move them from place to place.

领有很小的毛，毛来回摆动，让它们从一个地方移动到另一个地方。

The process by which a spermatid elongates, grows a tail, or flagellum, and officially becomes a mobile sperm is called spermiogenesis.

精子细胞伸长、长出尾巴或毛并正式成为移动精子的过程称为精子形成。

Flagellation was one of  these methods, but there were plenty more as well.

毛是这些方法之一，但还有更多。

As in modern specimens, the fossil sperm lacked a flagellum, or tail.

和现代样本一样，化石精子缺乏毛，就是尾巴。

A lab found 350 gene families in Choanoflagellates once thought to be exclusive to multicellular animals.

一个实验室在尾毛中发现了350个原以为仅存在于多细胞动的基因家族。

And they wanted to focus on the flagellum because it's that whiplike tail that propels a sperm forward.

霍普金：他们想把重点放在毛上，因为状的尾巴推动精子前进。

The cells use rotating flagella to propel towards the surface of the rock, which they attach to with the help of sticky appendages.

细胞利用旋转的毛游向石头的表面，然后利用富有粘性的附属附着于石头上。

It has pili and a single polar flagellum, kind of like a tail, at one end which it uses for movement through the gastrointestinal tract.

它含有菌毛和一条像尾巴的毛；毛可以移动，使其能在胃肠道中移动。

Now, how that flagellum beating and how the movement of that structure changes in response to changing flow conditions was completely ignored.

Nosrati：现在，毛的跳动以及该结构的运动如何随着流动条件的变化而变化被完全忽略了。

This included a gene whose protein helps develop neurons and create synapses, and another one that works in the whip-like tail of sperm.

这包括一个编码帮助神经元发育和形成突触的蛋白质的基因，以及另一个在精子毛状尾巴中起作用的基因。

It is poison. It is toxic waste. Take water that's got fecal matter, cryptosporidium, giardia, every other kind of organic toxin or inorganic.

这是毒药。它是有毒废。取含有粪便、隐孢子、贾第毛和其他各种有机或无机毒素的水。

Over billions of years of evolution, nature has come up with lots of molecular machines, from whip-like flagella that help cells move, to enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions.

在几十亿年的进化过程中，大自然产生了许多分子机器，从帮助细胞运动的状毛体到催生化学反应的酶。

Choanoflagellates while single-celled, resemble the specialized cells that line the channels of sponges, which are considered by many to be the most primitive living animal.

尾毛虽然是单细胞生， 但它们类似于排列在海绵通道中的特化细胞，而海绵被认为是现存最原始的动之一。

When the sperm are swimming through fluid that's more syrupy ... Nosrati: … they reduce their flagellar beat amplitude ; then they beat with a smaller wave.

霍普金：当精子在糖浆状的液体中游动时… … 诺斯拉蒂：… … 它们会降低毛的跳动幅度；然后他们用较小的波浪敲打。