On the other hand, those who drink excessively for a long time may develop liver damage, which has the opposite effect.

另外，长期饮酒的人，肝脏可能会受损，从而产生反效果。

Basically it refers to a time where people often drink to excess.

基本上，它指的人们常常饮酒的时期。

The problem is excessive drinking and the lives it destroys.

问题饮酒及其毁掉的生命。

The estimates that we reported in our study, which, again, are deaths that are attributable to excessive alcohol use, are calculated in a variety of different ways, but part of that calculation does involve self-reports of alcohol consumption by individuals.

我们在研究中报告的估数，同样饮酒导致的死亡，通各种不同的算的，但部分算确实涉及个人对酒精消费的自我报告。

In fact, last night, after we dropped off Oakley, he texted his two sisters that there were ambulances showing up all night at his dorm, picking up kids who were drinking too much.

事实上， 昨晚我们送完奥克利后，他给两个姐姐发了短信， 说救护车整晚都在他的宿舍外出现，接走那些饮酒的孩子。

The expression is supposedly based on a stereotype of Irish people over-imbibing — the connotation being that they would be too intoxicated to say goodbye before leaving a social event.

据说这个表达基于爱尔兰人饮酒的刻板印象——其含义他们在离开社交活动之前会喝得太醉而无法说再见。

So, from a public health perspective, policies that relate to the price and the availability of alcohol are among those that we think can be most impactful in reducing excessive alcohol consumption.

因此，从公共卫生的角来看，与酒精价格和供应相关的政策我们认为对减少饮酒最有效的政策之一。

But it's also a very expensive problem for all of us. And, as you noted in your opening, we estimate the economic cost of excessive drinking at about $224 billion a year.

但对我们所有人来说，这也一个代价高昂的问题。而且，正如您在开场白中指出的那样，我们估每年饮酒的经济成本约为 2240 亿美元。