Snakes are reptiles, which means that they breathe air, have scaly skin, and are cold-blooded.

蛇类是爬行动物，这意味着它们是呼吸空气的有着鳞外的冷血动物。

Every gustatory cell projects a thread-like protrusion of the cellular membrane called a gustatory hair, which runs down to a taste pore, a small hole in the stratified squamous epithelium covering the taste bud and the rest of the tongue.

每个味觉细胞在细胞膜投射出一个叫做味觉毛的线突起，向下延伸到味觉孔，味觉孔是覆盖味蕾和舌头其的层鳞的一个小。

So its mucosa is made up of stratified squamous epithelium, which is better equipped to resist abrasion from food going down.

因此，其粘膜是由复层鳞构成的，能较好地抵御食物对食管的磨损。

All right, as a quick recap, oral cancer refers to cancers that originate in the oral cavity, which is lined by keratinized or non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelia.

得！快速回顾一下：口腔癌指起源于口腔的癌症；口腔由角化或未角化的复层鳞覆盖。

Squamous cells are flat. Their name means " scale, " and they look kind of squished, like fish scales.

鳞细胞是扁平的。它们的名字的意思是“鳞片”，它们看起来有点压扁了，就像鱼鳞一样。

While the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity depends largely on the tumor stage, HPV status is a main prognostic factor for squamous cell carcinoma in the oropharynx.

口腔鳞细胞癌的预后，很大程度取决于肿瘤期，而感染HPV的况则是口咽鳞细胞癌的一个主要预后因素。

For example, squamous cells are flat, which makes it easy for materials like oxygen to move across them to the other side.

例如，鳞细胞是扁平的，这使得像氧气这样的物质很容易通过它们移动到另一边。

A second type of epithelium is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and it contains cells that don't produce much keratin, making this layer less tough.

第二种是未角化的复层鳞，其细胞产生的角质较少，故这层结构相对比较脆弱。

The oral surfaces covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include the buccal mucosa, the floor of the mouth, the lateral and ventral (or bottom) surfaces of the tongue, the soft palate, and the retromolar trigone.

口腔表面由未角化的复层鳞覆盖的结构，包括颊黏膜、口底、舌的侧面和腹侧（或底面）、软腭与磨牙后三角。

In the US alone, there are up to 4 million cases per year of what's called squamous cell carcinoma, one of these forms of skin cancer.

仅在美国，每年就有多达400万例被称为鳞细胞癌的肤癌病例，这是其中一种形式的肤癌。

The alterations in cell volume and shape have been ascribed in part to the induction, within apoptotic cells, of transglutaminase activity.

这种酶引起胞质蛋白的广泛交联，在质膜下形成类似于角质化鳞细胞的壳。