Well noticed. So worth listening out for that flap. What's the complex word? - Alveolar.

真细心。所以值得认真听听那个闪音，那个词叫啥来着？- 齿龈闪音。

So the first difference of an Australian accent to an English one is something called Alveolar Flapping which sounds rude. - Flapping. - Flap, the flap of the tongue.

澳洲口音和英国口音第一个区别就是齿龈闪音，这听起来有点粗鲁。- 闪音。- 闪音，舌头闪动。

So, s and z, where the two parts are the tip of your tongue and the alveolar ridge, which is the hard bit of the roof of your mouth, just behind your top teeth.

所以， s 和 z， 这两个发音部位是你舌尖和齿龈隆起，也就是你口腔顶部硬部分，在你排牙齿后面。

In some other languages, the front part of your tongue does have contact with the bump or some part of the roof of your mouth.

在一些其他语言中，你舌头前部确实会与齿龈或口腔顶部某部分接。

They're all produced with the tongue near to or actually touching that ridge behind the upper teeth, which is technically called the alveolar ridge.

它们都是通过将舌头靠近或实际牙后方齿龈脊发出，这一部位在语音被称为齿龈脊。

The soft palate can be lowered to block the oral cavity and allow air to pass through the nasal cavity so that a NASAL sound is produced.

口腔内部器官对发音至关重要。从前面开始，口腔部包括唇、齿、齿龈、硬腭、软腭和小舌。软腭可以下垂使气流通过鼻腔，如果同时在口腔中发生阻塞，发出就是鼻音。

How it almost looks like bars?

它看起来就像齿龈？

In some forms of American English, the flap occurs for ''t'' in words like dirty and sorting, after r -colored vowels in a stressed syllable.

(7) 音和闪音：当舌对齿龈进行一次，发生一次颤动，就是音。在美国英语中，像 [t， d] 等音常常发成音，如 city (城市) 和 ladder (梯子) 等。闪音是首先以卷舌音音姿将舌尖向并向后卷曲，然后返回下齿后面位置，在齿龈后区域击打口腔顶部。在美国英语一些方言中，闪音出现在重读音节中儿化元音之后，如 dirty (脏) 和 sorting (分类)(Ladefoged&Johnson， 2015： 99；关于儿化元音见下文 2.2。

The former is known as the Manner of Articulation and the latter as the Place of Articulation (or the Place of Articulatory Gestures).

发辅音时至少需要两个发音器参与，例如 bad 一词起首音 [b] 涉双唇闭合音姿，末尾音 [d] 涉舌叶 (或舌尖) 向齿龈运动音姿。因此，辅音分类要考虑到若干因素，其中最重要是：①发音器之间实际关系，即气流经过声道某些部位时方式；②声道哪些部位出现靠拢、变窄或发生气流阻碍。前者称为 “发音方式”，后者叫作 “发音部位”。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带声性话，只用两个词描述即可，如 [m] 是双唇鼻音，[j] 是硬腭通音，[h] 是声门擦音。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这一个边音，既可以称作齿龈边音，也可以直接简称为边音。在英语元音符号形式，不同作者曾使用不同符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中通用符号体系来转写 RP 元音 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不是直接从国际音标表中复制，而是基于国际音标表一种适用于英语发音描述变通版本。