Well noticed. So worth listening out for that flap. What's the complex word? - Alveolar.

真细心。所以值得认真听听那个闪音，那个词叫啥来着？- 龈闪音。

So the first difference of an Australian accent to an English one is something called Alveolar Flapping which sounds rude. - Flapping. - Flap, the flap of the tongue.

澳洲口音和英国口音的第个区别就是龈闪音，这听起来有点粗鲁。- 闪音。- 闪音，舌头闪动。

So, s and z, where the two parts are the tip of your tongue and the alveolar ridge, which is the hard bit of the roof of your mouth, just behind your top teeth.

所以， s 和 z， 这两个发音部位是你的舌尖和龈隆起，也就是你口腔顶部硬的部分，在你上排牙。

In some other languages, the front part of your tongue does have contact with the bump or some part of the roof of your mouth.

在他语言中，你的舌头前部确实会与龈或口腔顶部的某部分接触。

They're all produced with the tongue near to or actually touching that ridge behind the upper teeth, which is technically called the alveolar ridge.

它们都是通过将舌头靠近或实际上触及上牙方的龈脊发出的，这部位在语音上被称为龈脊。

The soft palate can be lowered to block the oral cavity and allow air to pass through the nasal cavity so that a NASAL sound is produced.

口腔内部的器官对发音至关重要。从前开始，口腔的上部包括上唇、上、龈、硬腭、软腭和小舌。软腭可以下垂使气流通过鼻腔，如果同时在口腔中发生阻塞，发出的就是鼻音。

How it almost looks like bars?

它看起来就像龈？

In some forms of American English, the flap occurs for ''t'' in words like dirty and sorting, after r -colored vowels in a stressed syllable.

(7) 触音和闪音：当舌对龈进行次触及，发生次颤动，就是触音。在美国英语中，像 [t， d] 等音常常发成触音，如 city (城市) 和 ladder (梯子) 等。闪音是首先以卷舌音的音姿将舌尖向上并向卷曲，然返回下位置，在龈的区域击打口腔顶部。在美国英语的方言中，闪音出现在重读音节中的儿化元音之，如 dirty (脏) 和 sorting (分类)(Ladefoged&Johnson， 2015： 99；关于儿化元音见下文 2.2。

The former is known as the Manner of Articulation and the latter as the Place of Articulation (or the Place of Articulatory Gestures).

发辅音时至少需要两个发音器的参与，例如 bad 词的起首音 [b] 涉及双唇闭合的音姿，末尾音 [d] 涉及舌叶 (或舌尖) 向龈运动的音姿。因此，辅音的分类要考虑到若干因素，中最重要的是：①发音器之间的实际关系，即气流经过声道某部位时的方式；②声道的哪部位出现靠拢、变窄或发生气流阻碍。前者称为 “发音方式”，者叫作 “发音部位”。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带声性的话，只用两个词描述即可，如 [m] 是双唇鼻音，[j] 是硬腭通音，[h] 是声门擦音。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这个边音，既可以称作龈边音，也可以直接简称为边音。在英语元音符号的形式上，不同的作者曾使用不同的符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中的通用符号体系来转写 RP 的元音 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不是直接从国际音标表中复制的，而是基于国际音标表的种适用于英语发音描述的变通版本。