Well noticed. So worth listening out for that flap. What's the complex word? - Alveolar.

真细心。所以值得认真听听那闪，那词叫啥来着？- 齿龈闪。

So the first difference of an Australian accent to an English one is something called Alveolar Flapping which sounds rude. - Flapping. - Flap, the flap of the tongue.

澳洲口和英国口的第一区别就齿龈闪，这听起来有点粗鲁。- 闪。- 闪，舌头闪动。

So, s and z, where the two parts are the tip of your tongue and the alveolar ridge, which is the hard bit of the roof of your mouth, just behind your top teeth.

所以， s 和 z， 这两部位你的舌尖和齿龈隆起，也就你口腔顶部硬的部分，在你上排牙齿后面。

In some other languages, the front part of your tongue does have contact with the bump or some part of the roof of your mouth.

在一些其他语言中，你的舌头前部确实会与齿龈或口腔顶部的某部分接触。

They're all produced with the tongue near to or actually touching that ridge behind the upper teeth, which is technically called the alveolar ridge.

它们过将舌头靠近或实际上触及上牙后方的齿龈脊出的，这一部位在语上被称为齿龈脊。

The soft palate can be lowered to block the oral cavity and allow air to pass through the nasal cavity so that a NASAL sound is produced.

口腔内部的器官对至关重要。从前面开始，口腔的上部包括上唇、上齿、齿龈、硬腭、软腭和小舌。软腭可以下垂使气流过鼻腔，如果同时在口腔中生阻塞，出的就鼻。

How it almost looks like bars?

它看起来就像齿龈？

In some forms of American English, the flap occurs for ''t'' in words like dirty and sorting, after r -colored vowels in a stressed syllable.

(7) 触和闪：当舌对齿龈进行一次触及，生一次颤动，就触。在美国英语中，像 [t， d] 等常常成触，如 city (城市) 和 ladder (梯子) 等。闪首先以卷舌的姿将舌尖向上并向后卷曲，然后返回下齿后面位置，在齿龈后的区域击打口腔顶部。在美国英语的一些方言中，闪出现在重读节中的儿化元之后，如 dirty (脏) 和 sorting (分类)(Ladefoged&Johnson， 2015： 99；关于儿化元见下文 2.2。

The former is known as the Manner of Articulation and the latter as the Place of Articulation (or the Place of Articulatory Gestures).

辅时至少需要两器的参与，例如 bad 一词的起首 [b] 涉及双唇闭合的姿，末尾 [d] 涉及舌叶 (或舌尖) 向齿龈运动的姿。因此，辅的分类要考虑到若干因素，其中最重要的：①器之间的实际关系，即气流经过声道某些部位时的方式；②声道的哪些部位出现靠拢、变窄或生气流阻碍。前者称为 “方式”，后者叫作 “部位”。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带声性的话，只用两词描述即可，如 [m] 双唇鼻，[j] 硬腭，[h] 声门擦。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这一边，既可以称作齿龈边，也可以直接简称为边。在英语元符号的形式上，不同的作者曾使用不同的符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中的用符号体系来转写 RP 的元 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不直接从国际标表中复制的，而基于国际标表的一种适用于英语描述的变版本。