匪首

The bandit chief surrendered himself to despair and took his own life.

首在绝望中自杀了。

Liu became an infrequence bandit chief owing to his expand territory, mass banditti，profound society infection and lasting banditry.Liu Guitang is a representative subject on the bandits in Republic.

首刘桂堂以其活动范围之广、历经时间之长、聚集众之多、危害社会之大，为民国时期国罕见的巨，也为民国土史的研究提供了一个典型个案。