The word carcinoma means it begins in the skin or tissue, like breast tissue.

乳管原癌里的“carcinoma”一词意指这个疾病从于皮肤或组织开始发展，例如乳房组织。

But still not wanting to believe it, I said, " Now, malignant carcinoma, you're sure that means cancer? " (Laughter) She told me she was sure.

但我说，我还是不敢相信，“现在，你们都很确定恶肿瘤就是癌症了吧？”（笑声）她告诉我她很确定。

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from the stratified squamous epithelium.

管鳞癌起源于复层鳞状上皮。

In very rare cases, myasthenia gravis can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome, which means that an underlying cancer like bronchogenic carcinoma or thymic neoplasm (also known as thymoma) generates an immune response which results in generation of autoantibodies.

在极罕见的情况下，重症肌无力会表现出副肿瘤综合征，这意味着潜在的癌症如支气管肺癌、胸腺肿瘤导致免疫应答产生了自身抗体。

TeLinde was a believer that of the two types of cervical cancer, the non-invasive variety (carcinoma in situ) , could spread and become deadly.

TeLinde 相信，在这两种宫颈癌中，非侵入的种类（原癌）可能会扩散并致命。

Other researchers have converted a carcinoma cell line into neurons using a similar editing technique to tweak the same gene.

其他研究人员使用类似的编辑技术，调整相同的基因，将癌细胞转为神经元。

Small cell carcinoma in the lungs is the type of cancer most likely to release ADH this way.

小细胞肺癌是导致ADH异最常见的恶肿瘤。

Mr. Gaston is scheduled for a resection non-small cell carcinoma today. He did well overnight, has remained afebrile.

Gaston 先生今天约好要做一个非小细胞瘤切除术。他一个晚上都很好，没有发烧。

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia can turn into a particular type of squamous cell cancer called verrucous carcinoma, and it's also sometimes called snuff-dipper's cancer since it is more common among users of snuff and other forms of chewing tobacco.

增生疣状白斑可发展成一种特殊的鳞状细胞癌，即疣状癌，有时也叫作“鼻烟”癌，因为这在鼻烟和其它形式的嚼烟使用者中更常见。

Another common cause of endogenous Cushing syndrome is tumors of the adrenal glands that make excess cortisol - like adrenal adenomas, which are benign tumors, and adrenal carcinomas, which are malignant tumors.

另一种常见的内源库欣综合征的原因是肾上腺肿瘤导致过多的皮质醇，比如肾上腺腺瘤，一种良肿瘤，还有肾上腺癌，一种恶肿瘤。

A few days later, Henrietta received the results back from the lab, " Epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix, Stage I."

几天后，海瑞塔收到了实验室的结果，“子宫颈表皮样癌，第一阶段。”

In both adrenal adenomas and carcinomas, the cells of the zona fasciculata within the adrenal cortex start dividing abnormally and secrete excess cortisol.

在肾上腺腺瘤和肾上腺癌中，肾上腺皮质里束状带的细胞开始异常裂并过多皮质醇。

Over time, just like with squamous cell carcinoma, mutations might accumulate in either tumor suppressor genes or proto-oncogenes that control the division of these metaplastic cells, ultimately resulting in a malignant tumor.

长此以往，和管鳞癌一样，抑癌基因和原癌基因会积累一系列突变，那些控制着生细胞的细胞周期的基因突变最终会导致恶肿瘤。

Low ACTH levels can be seen in adrenal adenomas and carcinomas, whereas high ACTH levels can be seen in Cushing disease and ectopic ACTH production.

肾上腺腺瘤和肾上腺癌会检测出低水平ACTH，库欣病和异ACTH综合征会检测出高水平ACTH。

Specific risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma include alcohol consumption, hot fluids and caustic strictures, which is the narrowing of the esophagus following ingestion of a caustic substance, like household bleach.

而鳞癌特有的危险因素包括饮酒、高温液体与腐蚀管狭窄，即摄入腐蚀液体（如家用漂白剂）后导致管狭窄。

Alternatively, medications such as adrenal steroid inhibitors, like ketoconazole and metyrapone can be helpful - especially for cases of ectopic ACTH production or adrenal carcinomas that have already spread.

另一种方法，像肾上腺类固醇生成抑制剂药物，比如酮康唑和甲吡酮，也会有帮助，尤其是在异ACTH综合征或已经扩散的肾上腺癌中。

Squamous cell carcinoma, as you can tell by its name, arises from squamous epithelium.

鳞状细胞癌（鳞癌）正如其名，来源于鳞状上皮细胞。

This cancer can appear in any segment of the esophagus and it's further classified into squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma - depending on the type of cells it originates from.

这种肿瘤在管的任何节段都有可能出现，基于肿瘤来源的细胞类型，管癌可以进一步被为鳞状细胞癌与腺癌。

We're talking about sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma, SRCC.

我们说的是肉瘤样肾细胞癌，SRCC。

It's a very interesting topic given that at least the landscape for neuroendocrine carcinomas where small cell lung cancers is on one end of the spectrum has been changing at least on the lung cancer side.

鉴于至少在神经内癌领域，小细胞肺癌处于这一谱系的一端，其格局正在发生变，尤其是在肺癌方面，这确实是一个非常有趣的课题。