The outermost layer of the mucosa is the muscularis mucosa or muscularis interna, and it's a layer of smooth muscle that contracts and helps break down food.

膜的最外为膜肌，也可称为内肌；它由一平滑肌构成，可帮助碾碎。

We lose the smallest cells in the covering of the mucosa.

我们失去了膜覆盖中最小的细胞。

But of course it's much more than just a storage tank — it's lined with the same four main layers found through most of the GI tract — the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa — but it's got a few special modifications.

当然，它不仅仅是一个储存罐。它内衬着与大部分胃肠道相同的四个主——膜、膜下、外肌和浆膜——但它有一些特殊的修改。

Going deeper past that layer you've got the basement membrane and loose connective tissue, called the lamina propria—which together with the epithelium makes up the mucosa.

更深由基底膜细胞和疏松结缔组织组成，被称为基底，它和上皮一起组成了气道的黏膜。

This is due to survival issues, as it isn't good for dogs to consume very acidic foods that could damage their stomach mucosa.

这关乎狗狗的生存问题，因为用可能损害胃膜的酸性它们而言是不好的。

Once rhinovirus has been introduced to the respiratory mucosa, it targets cell surface receptors expressed at the surface of nasal epithelial cells.

一旦鼻病毒被进入呼吸道膜，它的目标是在鼻上皮细胞表面表达的细胞表面受体。

Hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen are useful for digestion, but they can be quite aggressive for the delicate mucosa.

盐酸和胃蛋白酶原有助于消化，但它们脆弱的膜很有侵袭性。

The path of physiology of CSOM begins with irritation and subsequent inflammation of the middle ear mucosa.

CSOM 的生理学途径始于中耳膜的刺激和随后的炎症。

Now, to prevent the hydrochloric acid from the stomach from damaging the intestinal mucosa, enteroendocrine cells also secrete another hormone, called secretin, which stimulates the pancreatic duct cells to secrete water and bicarbonate.

为了避免胃部产生的胃酸小肠膜造成损伤，小肠内分泌细胞还可分泌胰泌素；它可以刺激胰腺导管细胞分泌水和碳酸氢盐。

Beyond the mucosa, there is smooth muscle followed by more connective tissue, and together, these two layers make up the submucosa and this is where the bronchial mucinous glands live.

黏膜外是平滑肌细胞，之后是更多结缔组织，这两共同组成膜下，是黏液腺所在之处。

The bladder wall consists of three layers — an inner mucosa, surrounded by a thick muscular layer called the detrusor wrapped in a fibrous, protective outer membrane.

膀胱壁由三组成——内膜，被一厚厚的叫做逼尿肌的肌肉包围，这肌肉包裹在纤维状的保护性外膜中。

Nasal Polyp are fleshy swellings that develop in the lining mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses, air-filled spaces, linked to the nasal cavity.

鼻息肉是在与鼻腔相连的鼻腔和鼻窦（充满空气的间隙）的内壁黏膜中增生的肉质肿胀。

For example, after a dental procedure that leaves a rough tooth surface, or a broken tooth rubbing against the mucosa.

比如，某次牙科治疗使牙齿变面变得粗糙，或者某颗坏掉的牙齿不断摩擦黏膜。

On the other hand, rhinoviruses commonly infect the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa, which lines the nasal cavity.

另一方面，鼻病毒通常会感染鼻腔周围的呼吸道膜上皮细胞。

In the layers of the bladder wall are a mucosa layer that has a transitional epithelium, which is stretchy and allows the bladder to distend while maintaining a barrier between urine and the body.

膀胱壁多结构中的膜为变移上皮，变移上皮富有弹性，使膀胱扩张的同时，保证尿液不进入组织液。

Persistent acid reflux damages the esophageal mucosa, causing local inflammation, or esophagitis.

持续性酸反流会损害管膜，引起局部炎症，即管炎。

In the bronchioles you've got the lumen, the mucosa which includes the inner lining of epithelial cells as well as the lamina propria, and the submucosa which is where the smooth muscle lives.

在细支气管内，有腔体、膜（包括上皮细胞的内、固有），以及膜下，也就是平滑肌所在的地方。

And the inner mucosa is made up almost entirely of mucous cells, which produce a protective coat that keeps the stomach tissues from getting digested along with your lunch.

内膜几乎完全由膜细胞组成，膜细胞产生保护，防止胃组织随着你的午餐被消化。

Causes It is caused by dental infection or tooth abscess, involving molars and premolars, as well as submandibular sialadenitis, injuries to oral mucosa, and mandibular fracture.

病因原因是牙齿感染或牙齿脓肿，累及磨牙和前磨牙，同时伴有下颌下涎腺炎、口腔黏膜损伤和下颌骨折。

When the virus comes in contact with the respiratory mucosa or the skin of a new person, it starts replicating in the epithelial cells.

病毒进入新感染者的呼吸道膜或皮肤，随即开始了在上皮细胞中的复制。