In 408 BC, the cities united to form one territory, with a unified capital, Rhodes.

在公元前408年，这三个城联合成了一个区域，并有统一的首都: 罗德。

Today she'll be shadowed by officials from the city's governing council.

今天，城理事会的官员将会考察她的工作。

Hundreds of years ago, city-states were common in Europe.

几百年以前城在欧洲是很普遍的。

So what were these city states like?

这些城国家是怎样的呢？

Both conventions and local laws in the city-states could vary widely.

到过的各个城中，无论传统规范或地方法律可能都各不相同。

By doing this, they paved the way for social criticism in the city-state of Athens.

就这样，播下了雅典城内社会批评的种子。

And of course, given its geography, it's surrounded by agricultural states.

当然，还要考虑新德里的地理情况，这座城市被农业城所环绕。

And they lived in fortified city-states, each pretty independent, protected by a strong military.

住在统一标准的城国中，互相独立，受到强大军队的保护。

And how can it sum up, in itself, a view of the Athenian state?

我又如何从中了解当时的雅典城呢？

The defence of the rationally ordered state will cost some of its citizens their lives.

为保卫理性规范的城，有的公民会献出自己的生命。

The tradition of these decentralized city-states that were the heart of the Renaissance.

这些城国家自治的传统确实是文艺复兴的核心所在。

Recall that Italy itself was, until 1861, not a unified nation but an aggregation of city-states.

回想一下，在1861年前，意大利还不是一个统一的国家，而是由城组成的结合体。

Dealing with the defeated city-states, however, would become a big problem.

然而，处理战败的城国，是一个很大的问题。

So slavery is necessary for the life of the polis for there to be open to citizens.

因此，为了让公民有机会过上城生活，奴隶制是必要的。

One of these chests will save your city and the rest will lead to its certain doom.

它其中一只将会拯救你的城，而其余的则无力回天。

It's actually a walled-in city-state within Rome Italy, though it's only 0. 17 square miles in size.

它实际上是一个位于意大利罗马的墙内城国家，尽管面积只有0.17平方英里。

But why is it necessary to live in a good city in order to live a virtuous life?

但为什么要想过上有德行的生活，就需要生活在一个美好的城呢？

As with many ancient civilisations, no one really knows the exact date when the city-state of Sparta was founded.

与许多古代文明一样，没有人真正知道斯巴达城建立的确切日期。

By 1325, border skirmishes between the two rival city-states were getting more intense.

到 1325 年，这两个敌对城之间的边境冲突越来越激烈。

The Greek city-states beat off the persian invasion, and triggered their golden era, ended by Alexander the Great around 9700.

希腊城击败了波斯的入侵，并引发的黄金时期，截止到9700年的亚历山大围军。