Affricates are made up of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.

擦音由一音和后面的擦音组成。

Fricative are often a source of confusion for English learners.

摩擦音让很多英语学习者感到困惑。

In today's program, we will explore fricatives.

在今天的节目里，我们要摩擦音。

Another way to think of this is stop sound plus fricative sound equals affricate.

另一思考的方法音加上擦音等于擦音。

These are all fricatives, the sounds are coming out slowly and you hear this friction sound.

这些都摩擦音，声音慢慢地发出你会听到摩擦声。

To be clear, fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.

清楚地说，摩擦音指的气流有一部分被阻滞。

And finally, the vociceless fricative or be quiet sound, shhhhhh, present in words such as shower and push.

最后清擦音或“安静”音，出现在诸如 shower 和 push 等词中。

In a previous video, we explored the two affricates, or complex consonant sounds, of American English.

在之前的一视频里，我们美式英语中的两擦音，或者叫复杂辅音。

Sss, zzz are fricatives. Thh, vvv are Fricatives too.

Sss, zzz 擦音。 Thh, vvv 也擦音。

In a previous video, I described affricates as being kind of like addition - one plus one equals two.

在之前的一视频里，我说擦音有点像加法 —— 一加一等于二。

Another type of consonant is a Fricative.

另一种辅音摩擦音。

The English alveolar approximant, the Spanish trill, the French uvular fricative?

英国的齿槽音、西班牙的颤音、法国的小舌擦音？

So fff, and vvv are fricatives.

所以 fff 和 vvv 擦音。

In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an " f" (e.g. laugh, cough).

在某些情况下，清擦音开始像“f”一样发音（例如笑、咳嗽）。

So the combination d-g sound, " dg" is an affricate in American English for judge becomes " j" .

所以组合d-g发音， “dg” 美式英语中的塞擦音， 判断变成“j” 。

First, when the thickened layers of the pericardium rub up against each other - it creates a friction rub which can be heard on auscultation.

当增厚的两层心包膜互相摩擦，可在听诊时闻及心包摩擦音。

It usually results in a friction rub, as well as ECG changes like ST elevation and PR depression, followed by T wave flattening and inversion.

通常表现出心包摩擦音，以及ST段抬高和PR段压低等心电图改变，继之呈现T波低平和倒置。

You're releasing air with sound, so the vocal cords are vibrating and creating this friction sound which is the 'V' as of the word 'very', 'vicious' and 'seven'.

要通过释放口腔里的空气带动发音的，所以声带振动的，产生出这种擦音，即‘V’，比如单词‘very’、‘vicious’和‘seven’。

So, to make the th sound you already know, I hope that the tongue needs to be outside, and the air has to pass between the tongue and teeth in order to create this friction sound.

所以，要发出你已经知道的 th 音，需要舌头在外面，空气必须通过舌头和牙齿之间，才能发出摩擦音。