In today's program, we will explore fricatives.

在今天的节目里，我们要探索摩擦音。

Fricative are often a source of confusion for English learners.

摩擦音让很多英语学习者感困惑。

These are all fricatives, the sounds are coming out slowly and you hear this friction sound.

这些都是摩擦音，声音慢慢地发出你摩擦声。

To be clear, fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.

清楚地说，摩擦音指的是气流有一部分被阻滞。

And finally, the vociceless fricative or be quiet sound, shhhhhh, present in words such as shower and push.

最后是清擦音或“安静”音，出现在诸如 shower 和 push 等词中。

In a previous video, we explored the two affricates, or complex consonant sounds, of American English.

在之的一里，我们探索了美式英语中的两破擦音，或者叫复杂辅音。

Affricates are made up of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.

破擦音由一爆破音和后面的擦音组成。

In a previous video, I described affricates as being kind of like addition - one plus one equals two.

在之的一里，我说破擦音有点像加法 —— 一加一等于二。

Another way to think of this is stop sound plus fricative sound equals affricate.

另一思考的方法是爆破音加上擦音等于破擦音。

Another type of consonant is a Fricative.

另一种辅音是摩擦音。

The English alveolar approximant, the Spanish trill, the French uvular fricative?

英国的齿槽音、西班牙的颤音、法国的小舌擦音？

So fff, and vvv are fricatives.

所以 fff 和 vvv 是擦音。

Sss, zzz are fricatives. Thh, vvv are Fricatives too.

Sss, zzz 是擦音。 Thh, vvv 也是擦音。

In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an " f" (e.g. laugh, cough).

在某些情况下，清擦音开始像“f”一样发音（例如笑、咳嗽）。

So the combination d-g sound, " dg" is an affricate in American English for judge becomes " j" .

所以组合d-g发音， “dg” 是美式英语中的塞擦音， 判断变成“j” 。

The rule reads: a voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound.

规则如下：浊摩擦音出现在清音之时， 将转换为相应的清音。

It usually results in a friction rub, as well as ECG changes like ST elevation and PR depression, followed by T wave flattening and inversion.

通常表现出心包摩擦音，以及ST段抬高和PR段压低等心电图改变，继之呈现T波低平和倒置。

First, when the thickened layers of the pericardium rub up against each other - it creates a friction rub which can be heard on auscultation.

当增厚的两层心包膜互相摩擦，可在诊时闻及心包摩擦音。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带声性的话，只用两词描述即可，如 [m] 是双唇鼻音，[j] 是硬腭通音，[h] 是声门擦音。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这一边音，既可以称作齿龈边音，也可以直接简称为边音。在英语元音符号的形式上，不同的作者曾使用不同的符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中的通用符号体系来转写 RP 的元音 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不是直接从国际音标表中复制的，而是基于国际音标表的一种适用于英语发音描述的变通版本。

You're releasing air with sound, so the vocal cords are vibrating and creating this friction sound which is the 'V' as of the word 'very', 'vicious' and 'seven'.

是要通过释放口腔里的空气带动发音的，所以声带是振动的，产生出这种擦音，即‘V’，比如单词‘very’、‘vicious’和‘seven’。