The skins of sheep and of dogs are not tanned with oak-bark, but are soaked in alum-water instead.

羊和狗革使用明矾水而非橡树。

But vitally, Italian alum mines didn't bring victory over the Turks, or cause them to lose all their profits, just as mining and drilling at home never obviate the need for trade.

但至关重要， 意大利明矾矿并没有给土耳其人带来胜利，没有让他失去所有利润， 就像在国内采矿和钻探永远不会消除贸易需要一样。

That is because they were dyed with a chemical called alum, which was primarily found in Anatolia, in the Ottoman Empire.

这因为用一种叫做明矾化学物质染色，这种化学物质主要在奥斯曼帝国安纳托利亚发现。

More importantly he granted a monopoly on the mining rights of alum to a particular Florentine family, the Medicis.

更重要， 他将明矾采矿权垄断权授予了特定佛罗伦萨家族美第奇家族。