The skins of sheep and of dogs are not tanned with oak-bark, but are soaked in alum-water instead.

羊皮和狗皮鞣革使用是明水而非橡树皮。

More importantly he granted a monopoly on the mining rights of alum to a particular Florentine family, the Medicis.

更是， 他将明采矿权垄断权授予了特定佛罗伦萨族美第奇族。

That is because they were dyed with a chemical called alum, which was primarily found in Anatolia, in the Ottoman Empire.

这是因为它们是用一种叫做明学物质染色，这种学物质主在奥斯曼帝国安纳托利亚发现。

But vitally, Italian alum mines didn't bring victory over the Turks, or cause them to lose all their profits, just as mining and drilling at home never obviate the need for trade.

但至关是， 意大利明矿并没有给土耳其人带来胜利，也没有让他们失去所有利润， 就像在国内采矿和钻探永远不会消除贸易需一样。