A turbulent flow is self-similar if there is an energy cascade.

湍流是在不同能级上是自相似的。

They're not all from different elements, most of them are from different energy levels in just a few elements.

它们并非都来自不同的，多数来自少数中的不同能级。

I still remember that picture where there is a quantum well and the levels of electrons confined in the quantum well.

我仍然记得那张图⽚，其中有⼀个量⼦阱和限制在量⼦阱中的电⼦能级。

Objects with lower density, like stuff that's made of organic materials, will allow more of the lower-energy X-rays to pass through.

低密度的东西，像有机材质的东西，让低能级的X射线穿过。

Bohr’s model predicted that electrons orbit at very specific energy levels, which he called orbits.

玻尔的模型预测电子在非常特定的能级运行，他称之为道。

And things with higher density will absorb most of the low-energy X-rays, and allow some of the higher-energy rays to pass through.

而那些高密度的东西则吸收部分的低能级X射线，允许高能级的射线穿过。

This electron can have one energy level, or another, but not a value in  between those two.

该电子可以具有一个能级或另一个能级，但不能是介于这两者之间的值。

Now radioactive decay occurs when a nucleus has a higher energy level than a potentially more stable version.

现在，当原子核的能级高于可能更稳定的核能级时， 就放射性衰变。

Importantly, this means there is some minimal non-zero energy level for waves of a given frequency - hf.

重要的是，这意味着给定频率 - hf 的波存在一些最小的非零能级。

From a tiny sphere, to electron orbits, to energy levels and then to the electrons being wave-like charge distributions.

从微小的球体， 到电子道，到能级， 再到电子的波状电荷分布。

When these excited electrons fall back to their normal energy levels, their excess energy is carried away by photons, or particles of light.

当这些激态的电子回到它们的正常能级时，它们多余的能量被光子或光粒子带走。

Yet, with the new equipment, the same particles, the same energy levels, and the same experimental parameters would yield different results.

然而， 使用新设备，相同的粒子、相同的能级和相同的实验参数产不同的结果。

This tidal wave of high-energy particles excites atmospheric atoms such as oxygen and nitrogen, causing them to rapidly shed photons at various energy levels.

这种高能粒子的潮汐波激了气中的原子，如氧和氮，使它们迅速释放出各种能级的光子。

Then, they used lasers to excite the positrons to higher energy levels, and measured the light the positrons emitted as they came back down.

然后，他们使用激光将正电子激到更高的能级，并测量正电子返回时出的光。

Each orbit can have a specific number of electrons, which correlates to the energy levels and orbitals in the modern model of an atom.

每个道都可以有特定数量的电子，这与现代原子模型中的能级和道相关。

If there are several electrons being removed this is a step-wise process, starting with the electron at the highest energy level, or the outermost one.

如果有几个电子被移除， 这是一个逐步的过程，从最高能级或最外层的电子开始。

In 1913, Niels Bohr came up with a simple model for describing these energy levels for a single electron in hydrogen merely assuming circular orbits.

1913 年，尼尔斯·玻尔提出了一个简单的模型来描述氢中的单个电子的这些能级，仅假设圆形道。

" This difference, this energy difference between these two energy levels—from this we can extract how big, actually, the size of the nucleus is." Following this?

“这个差异，这两个能级之间的能量差异——从中我们可以提取出核的小， 实际上有多。 ” 接着这个？

Because of the varying energy levels of electrons in atoms and molecules, each element in the periodic table absorbs and emits only certain wavelengths of EM radiation.

由于原子和分子中电子的能级不同，周期表中的每个仅吸收和射特定波长的 EM 辐射。

As sunlight hits all the different atoms in its path, bumping electrons up to higher energy levels, they absorb part of the spectrum, creating the missing rainbow that Fraunhofer saw.

当太阳光照射到其路径上的所有不同原子时，将电子撞击到更高的能级，它们吸收了部分光谱，创造出了弗劳恩霍夫看到的残缺的彩虹。