A turbulent flow is self-similar if there is an energy cascade.

湍流是在不同能上是自相似的。

For example, if a cloud of gas is blasted by light from a nearby massive star, the gas in it becomes excited; the electrons in its atoms jump to a higher energy level.

例如，如果一团气体云被附近的大质量恒星发出的光强烈照射，其中的气体就会被激发；原子中的电子就会跃迁到更高的能。

In our toll booth example, the approaching cars represent photons, their money represents the energy levels of photons, and the act of passing through the toll booth represents the photoelectric effect.

在我的费站例子中，驶近的汽车代表光子，的钱代表光子的能，而通过费站的行为代表光电效应。

As sunlight hits all the different atoms in its path, bumping electrons up to higher energy levels, they absorb part of the spectrum, creating the missing rainbow that Fraunhofer saw.

当太阳光照射到其路径上的所有不同原子时，将电子撞击到更高的能，了部分光谱，创造出了弗劳恩霍夫看到的残缺的彩虹。

And things with higher density will absorb most of the low-energy X-rays, and allow some of the higher-energy rays to pass through.

而那些高密度的东西则会大部分的低能X射线，允许高能的射线穿过。

I still remember that picture where there is a quantum well and the levels of electrons confined in the quantum well.

我仍然记得那张图⽚，其中有⼀个量⼦阱和限制在量⼦阱中的电⼦能。

The electrons of different elements reside in unique structures of energy levels so you can tell what element you're looking at just based on the colors it emits when it's heated.

不同元素的电子以独特的能结构存在，所以你可以仅仅根据加热时发出的颜色来判断你看到的是什么元素。

When these excited electrons fall back to their normal energy levels, their excess energy is carried away by photons, or particles of light.

当这些激发态的电子回到的正常能时，多余的能量会被光子或光粒子带走。

Objects with lower density, like stuff that's made of organic materials, will allow more of the lower-energy X-rays to pass through.

低密度的东西，像有机材质的东西，会让低能的X射线穿过。

They're not all from different elements, most of them are from different energy levels in just a few elements.

并非都来自不同的元素，大多数来自少数元素中的不同能。

The electrons could only orbit at precisely those levels, and so they couldn’t spiral inwards.

电子只能在特定的能上运动，因此不会向内螺旋坠落。

When a photon hits this junction of materials in the photodiode, called a p-n junction, an atom's electron absorbs the photon's energy, and as a result, it jumps up to a higher energy state and leaves the atom.

当一个光子击中光电二极管中的材料接合处，也就是p-n结时， 原子的电子会光子的能量，从而跃迁到更高的能并离开原子。

Atoms can get to this state when they are themselves the products of radioactive decay, or if they get bombarded with radiation from other reactions pushing their electrons in to a higher energy level.

原子可以处于这种状态，当自身是放射性衰变的产物，或者受到其他反应产生的辐射轰击，使的电子跃迁到更高的能。

Is actually, so in a semiconductor, there's an important parameter, which is called the band gap, which tells you, there are sort of electrons that fill up to one level in the energy diagram.

实际上， 在半导体中， 有一个重要的参数叫做带隙，告诉你，电子会在能图中填满到某一水平。

I know you learned this in high school physics and are very, very smart but, to review, these are all electromagnetic waves just at different frequencies, wave lengths, and energy levels.

我知道你在高中物理中学过这个并且非常非常聪明，但是，回顾一下，这些都是不同频率、波长和能的电磁波。

If you look at hydrogen, well you can see here as we move from this energy level 2 up to energy level 3, it requires a certain amount of energy.

如果你看氢原子， 当电子从第2能跃迁到第3能时，需要一定的能量。

And we leverage the superconducting aspects of electricity down at the lowest possible levels, at the lowest possible temperatures, in order to get this kind of a system.

我利用电力的超导特性，在尽可能低的温度下达到最低能，以实现这种系统。

So, a string with a vibrating standing wave  can have one energy level, or another, but nothing in between – just like  subatomic particles in the quantum world.

因此，具有振动驻波的弦可以有一个能，也可以有另一个能， 但中间没有任何能——就像量子世界中的亚原子粒子一样。

Because of the varying energy levels of electrons in atoms and molecules, each element in the periodic table absorbs and emits only certain wavelengths of EM radiation.

由于原子和分子中电子的能不同，元素周期表中的每个元素仅和发射特定波长的 EM 辐射。

" This difference, this energy difference between these two energy levels—from this we can extract how big, actually, the size of the nucleus is." Following this?

“这个差异，这两个能之间的能量差异——从这里我可以提取出实际上核的大小。 ” 明白了吗？