banditry

Liu became an infrequence bandit chief owing to his expand territory, mass banditti，profound society infection and lasting banditry.Liu Guitang is a representative subject on the bandits in Republic.

匪首刘桂堂以活动范围之广、历经时间之长、聚集匪众之多、危害社会之大，成为民国时期全国罕见的巨匪，也为民国土匪史的研究提供了典型案。