banditry

Liu became an infrequence bandit chief owing to his expand territory, mass banditti，profound society infection and lasting banditry.Liu Guitang is a representative subject on the bandits in Republic.

匪首刘桂堂以活动范围广、历经时间长、聚集匪众多、危害社，成为民国时期全国罕见巨匪，也为民国土匪史研究提供了一个典型个案。