from scratch 白手起家;从头做起
start from scratch 从头;白手起家;从起跑 up to scratch 达到标准
without a scratch 一点儿也没受伤,安然无恙
scratch the surface 只做了肤浅研究;不深刻,不周详 scratch for oneself [美国口语]关心自身利益
scratch line n. 起跑 on scratch 准时,正点
scratch resistance 抗划伤;耐擦伤性
starting from scratch 白手起家;从零 scratch resistant 耐划伤性
scratch test 过敏性测验;划痕试验