from scratch 白手起家;从头做起
start from scratch 从头开始;白手起家;从起跑线开始
up to scratch 达到标准
without a scratch 一点儿也,安然无恙 scratch the surface 只做了肤浅研究;不深刻,不周详 scratch for oneself [美国口语]关心自身利益
scratch line n. 起跑线
on scratch 准时,正点
scratch resistance 抗划;耐擦性 starting from scratch 白手起家;从零开始
scratch resistant 耐划性 scratch test 过敏性测验;划痕试验