One really serious complication with type 1 diabetes is called diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA.

1型糖尿病有一种很严重的并发症，叫作糖尿病酮症酸，或DKA。

Like low levels of bicarbonate can cause metabolic acidosis with deep and labored breathing called Kussmaul breathing.

低水平的碳酸氢盐会导致代谢性酸，伴随深大呼吸，称为Kussmaul呼吸。

Diabetic ketoacidosis can happen even in people who've already been diagnosed with diabetes and currently have some sort of insulin therapy.

已被诊断出糖尿病并开始接受胰岛素治疗的患者也会产生糖尿病酮症酸。

We've got a diabetic ketoacidosis, let's go.

我们得了糖尿病酮症酸，走吧。

They have a wide anion gap acidosis.

严重的阴离子间隙增高性酸。

And  even a slight deviation, will see you quickly developing acidosis, putting you in real trouble.

即使有轻微的偏差，也会让你迅速出现酸，陷入真正的麻烦。

So other things start to build up in the blood as well, like potassium, called hyperkalemia, as well as acids, called metabolic acidosis.

因此其他物质也开始在血积：比如钾，造成高钾血症；还有酸，引起代谢性酸。

That's called — appropriately — muscle acidosis, and the drop in pH may be part of what causes the famous burn while you're exercising.

这被称为肌肉酸，并且酸碱值下降可能是运动时肌肉燃烧的部分原因。

I've mentioned DKA a few times as a deadly consequence, but I want to walk you through what that looks like.

我多次提到糖尿病酮症酸作为一种致命的后果，但我想带你们了解一下它具体是什么样的。

And doctors have regularly smelled acetone on the breath of patients who are in a state of diabetic ketoacidosis and used it as a diagnostic.

而医生经常通过闻酮症酸糖尿病患者呼吸的丙酮作为诊断方法。

If too little carbon dioxide is exhaled as a result of hypoventilation, body fluids tend to become more acid, a condition termed acidosis.

如果由于通气不足而呼出的二氧化碳太少，体往往会变得更酸，这种情况称为酸。

And, even though sodium bicarbonate can buffer metabolic acidosis, an event that increases muscle breakdown, no research has shown supplementation to improve muscle growth nor preserve muscle.

而且，尽管碳酸氢钠可以缓冲会增加肌肉损伤的代谢性酸，但没有研究表明补充剂可以改善肌肉生长或保护肌肉。

In 1922 at the University of Toronto, the scientists went to a hospital ward full of diabetic children, most of them comatose and dying from diabetic keto-acidosis.

1922 年，在多伦多大学，科学家们去了一间满是糖尿病儿童的医院病房，他们的大多数人昏迷不醒，死于糖尿病酮症酸。

These ketone bodies are important because they can be used by cells for energy, but they also increase the acidity of the blood, which is why it's called keto-acid-osis.

这些酮体很重要，可被细胞用来获取能量，但他们也会增加血酸性，所以才叫作酮症酸。

Less than one month after going off of his parents' insurance, Alec died from DKA. He instead paid for the price of insulin with his literal life.

在脱离父母保险不到一个月后，亚历克因糖尿病酮症酸去世。他实上是用自己的生命支付了胰岛素的费用。

In the case of health, sodium bicarbonate indeed has a solid track record largely thanks to its metabolic acidosis buffering, aiding the kidneys in acid-base balance and preventing bone mineral loss.

在健康方面， 有记录显示碳酸氢钠确实有助于健康，这在很大程度上归功于它的代谢性酸的缓冲作用，帮助肾脏酸碱平衡，防止骨矿物质流失。

Similarly, when there's a metabolic acidosis from excess organic acids like lactic acid and ketoacids, protons can enter cells with the organic anion rather than having to get exchanged for potassium ions.

相同地，当有机酸如乳酸和酮酸过多，产生代谢性酸时，质子会和有机阴离子一起进入细胞，而不是同钾离子交换。

So in order to help compensate for an acidosis, hydrogen ions enter cells and potassium ions leave the cells and enter the blood, which might help with the acidosis, but results in hyperkalemia.

所以为了代偿酸，氢离子被移入细胞内，而钾离子被移出细胞而进入血，这一机制缓解了酸，但却导致了高钾血症。

Another situation is when living cells get affected by respiratory acidosis, which is when the carbon dioxide levels rise because a person isn't breathing or ventilating it out of the lungs quickly enough.

另一种情况是活细胞受到呼吸性酸的影响，即一个人由于没有迅速呼吸排出CO2，导致血CO2水平上升。

Treatment of a DKA episode involves giving plenty of fluids, which helps with dehydration, insulin which helps lower blood glucose levels, and replacement of electrolytes, like potassium; all of which help to reverse the acidosis.

DKA的治疗包括大量饮水以缓解脱水，使用胰岛素来降低血糖水平，以及补充电解质，如钾；这些都会缓解酸。